Habitat, aggregations and postembryonic development of the siphonocryptid millipede Hirudicryptus canariensis (Loksa, 1967) in the laurel forest of Tenerife (Diplopoda: Siphonocryptida)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2023.v79.347Keywords:
Anaga Mountains, Canary Islands, endemism, Erica platycodon, Macaronesia, socialAbstract
Millipedes (Diplopoda) are detritivores, which mostly live hidden within the soil and leaf litter, and for most species only little is known about their biology. This is especially true for the enigmatic Colobognatha, such as Hirudicryptus canariensis, a siphonocryptid millipede which is endemic to the laurel forests of Macaronesia. So far, no one reported observations of a living Siphonocryptida. Here we present observations of living specimens in the Anaga Mountains on Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain) as well as data on their postembryonic development based on observations of 296 specimens, including data from the literature. On Tenerife Hirudicryptus canariensis was exclusively found on and under the bark of the heather Erica platycodon at elevations of 630–870 m. Hirudicryptus canariensis formed aggregations of juvenile and mature individuals with several hundred individuals per tree and can be considered as ‘transient subsocial’. Hirudicryptus canariensis hatches with 6 tergites and 7 leg pairs (stadium I), lacking an apodous tergite, and subsequent stadia always have a single apparently apodous tergite, although a varying number of podous tergites is added. Therefore, podous tergites can develop de novo without an apodous precursor. The number of leg pairs is always odd, and immature gonopods (modifications of leg 9 and 10 in males) occur first in individuals of stadium IIIwith 15 tergites and 23 leg pairs. Gonopods are fully developed in stadium IV. The postembryonic development is partly reflected in the color pattern. For future identification of H. canariensis, we provide first barcode data (CO1) of the species and the first molecular data of a member of the Siphonocryptida.
Downloads
References
Allendorf, F.W. & Lundquist, L.L., 2003. Introduction: population biology, evolution, and control of invasive species. Conservation Biology, 17(1): 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02365.x
Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W. & Lipman D.J., 1990 Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215(3): 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2 PMid:2231712
del Arco Aguilar, M.J., González-González, R., Garzón-Machado, V. & Pizarro-Hernández, B., 2010. Actual and potential natural vegetation on the Canary Islands and its conservation status. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(11): 3089-3140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9881-2
Arndt, E., Enghoff, H. & Spelda, J., 2008. Millipedes (Diplopoda) of the Canarian Islands: checklist and key. Vieraea, 36: 1-28. https://doi.org/10.31939/vieraea.2008.36.01
Arozena, M.E., Panareda J.M, & Beltrán, E., 2008. El significado dinámico de los matorrales de Erica platycodon en las cumbres del Macizo de Anaga, Tenerife (Islas Canarias, España). Lazaroa, 29, 101-115.
Astrin, J.J. & Stüben, P.E., 2008. Phylogeny in cryptic weevils: molecules, morphology and new genera of western Palaearctic Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera : Curculionidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 22(5): 503-522. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS07057
Attems, C.M.T., 1909. Die Myriopoden der Vega-Expedition. Arkiv för Zoologi, 5(3): 1-84. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.3495
Betzin, A., Thiv, M. & Koch M.A., 2016. Diversity hotspots of the laurel forest on Tenerife, Canary Islands: a phylogeographic study of Laurus and Ixanthus. Annals of Botany, 118(3): 495-510. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw124 PMid:27390352 PMCid:PMC4998983
Blanke, A. & Wesener, T., 2014. Revival of forgotten characters and modern imaging techniques help to produce a robust phylogeny of the Diplopoda (Arthropoda, Myriapoda). Arthropod Structure & Development, 43(1): 63-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2013.10.003 PMid:24184600
Brandt, J.F., 1837. Note sur un ordre nouveau de la classe des Myriapodes et sur l'etablissement des sections de cette classe d'animaux en général. Bulletin Scientifique publié par l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg, 1(23): 178-179.
Brewer, M.S., Sierwald, P. & Bond, J.E., 2012. Millipede taxonomy after 250 years: classification and taxonomic practices in a mega-diverse yet understudied arthropod group. PLoS One, 7(5): e37240. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037240 PMid:22615951 PMCid:PMC3352885
Brolemann, H.W., 1935. Myriapodes Diplopodes (Chilognathes I). Faune de France, 29: 1-369.
Choe, J.C. & Crespi, B.J., 1997. The evolution of social behaviour in insects and arachnids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 552 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511721953
Cook, O.F. & Loomis, H.F., 1928. Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 72: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.72-2714.1
Costa, J. T., 2018. The other insect societies: overview and new directions. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 28, 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2018.04.008 PMid:30551766
David, J.F., 2015. Diplopoda - Ecology. In: A. Minelli (ed.). Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, 2. Brill. Leiden: 303-327. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004188273_013 PMid:26190938 PMCid:PMC4498687
David, J.F. & Couret, T., 1983. Le développement post-embryonnaire en conditions naturelles de Polyzonium germanicum (Brandt)(Diplopoda, Polyzoniida): Les cinq premiers stades. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Section A, Zoologie, biologie et écologie animales, 5(2): 585-590. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.285982
David, J.F. & Couret, T., 1984. La fin du développement post-embryonnaire en conditions naturelles de Polyzonium germanicum (Brandt)(Diplopoda, Polyzoniida). Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Section A, Zoologie, biologie et écologie animales, 6(4), 1067-1076. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.285898
David, J. F. & Couret, T., 1985. Le cycle biologique du diplopode Polyzonium germanicum Brandt, 1831 (Polyzoniida). Revue d'écologie et de biologie du sol, 22(3), 367-380.
Dunger, W., 1993. Überklasse Antennata (syn. Tracheata, Atelocerata). In: H.-E. Gruner (ed.). Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie. Band I. 4. Teil. Arthropoda (ohne Insecta). Gustav Fischer. Jena: 1031-1160.
Enderlein, G., 1931. Entomologica Canaria VIII. Aneurus tagasastei, eine neue Aradidae. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 93: 193-198.
Enghoff, H., 1984. Phylogeny of millipedes - a cladistic analysis. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 22(1): 8-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1984.tb00559.x
Enghoff, H., 1990. The ground-plan of chilognathan millipedes. In: A. Minelli (ed.). Proceeding of the 7th International Congress of Myriapodology. Brill. Leiden: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004630383_004
Enghoff, H., 1992. Macaronesian millipedes (Diplopoda) with emphasis on endemic species swarms on Madeira and the Canary Islands. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 46(1-2): 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00857.x
Enghoff, H., 2010. A new strikingly coloured species of Siphonocryptus, sixth of its order (Diplopoda: Siphonocryptida). Zootaxa, 2681(1): 66-68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2681.1.6
Enghoff, H., 2011. Trans-segmental serial colour patterns in millipedes and their developmental interpretation (Diplopoda). International Journal of Myriapodology, 6: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/ijm.6.1949
Enghoff, H., Dohle, W. & Blower, J.G., 1993. Anamorphosis in millipedes (Diplopoda)-the present state of knowledge with some developmental and phylogenetic considerations. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 109(2): 103-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x
Enghoff, H. & Golovatch, S.I., 1995. A revision of the Siphonocryptidae (Diplopoda, Polyzoniida). Zoologica Scripta, 24(1): 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1995.tb00473.x
Enghoff, H., Golovatch, S., Short, M., Stoev, P. & Wesener, T., 2015. Diplopoda - taxonomic overview. In: A. Minelli A (ed.). Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, 2. Brill. Leiden: 363-453. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004188273_017
Enghoff, H. & Reboleira, A.S.P.S., 2017. Diversity of non-Laboulbenialean fungi on millipedes. Studies in Fungi, 2(1):130 -137. https://doi.org/10.5943/sif/2/1/15
Enghoff, H. & Santamaria, S., 2015. Infectious intimacy and contaminated caves - three new species of ectoparasitic fungi (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniales) from blaniulid millipedes (Diplopoda: Julida) and inferences about their transmittal mechanisms. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 15(2): 249-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0208-8
Estoup, A. & Guillemaud, T., 2010. Reconstructing routes of invasion using genetic data: why, how and so what?. Molecular Ecology, 19: 4113-4130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04773.x PMid:20723048
Fagúndez, J., Juan, R., Fernández, I., Pastor, J., & Izco, J., 2009. Systematic relevance of seed coat anatomy in the European heathers (Ericeae, Ericaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 284(1-2): 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-009-0240-2
Fanzago, F., 1874. Sui Chilognati Italiani. Atti della Società Veneto-Trentina di Scienze Naturali, 3(2): 233-292.
Fernández-Palacios, J.M., de Nascimento, L., Otto, R., Delgado, J.D., García-del-Rey, E., Arévalo, J.R. & Whittaker, R.J., 2011. A reconstruction of Palaeo-Macaronesia, with particular reference to the long-term biogeography of the Atlantic island laurel forests. Journal of Biogeography, 38(2): 226-246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02427.x
Fernández-Palacios, J.M. & Whittaker, R.J., 2008. The Canaries: an important biogeographic meeting place. Journal of Biogeography, 35: 379-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01890.x
Gardner, M.R., 1974. Revision of the millipede family Andrognathidae in the Nearctic region. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 5: 1-61.
Geldmacher, J., van den Bogaard, P., Hoernle, K. & Schmincke, H.U., 2000. The 40Ar/39Ar age dating of the Madeira Archipelago and hotspot track (eastern North https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GC000018
Atlantic). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 1(1): 1-26.
Geldmacher, J., Hoernle, K., Bogaard, P., Duggen, S. & Werner, R., 2005. New 40Ar/39Ar age and geochemical data from seamounts in the Canary and Madeira volcanic
provinces: support for the mantle plume hypothesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237(1-2): 85-101.
Golovatch, S., Evsyukov, A. & Reip, H.S., 2015. Colobognatha millipedes in the Caucasus (Diplopoda: Polyzoniida, Platydesmida, Siphonocryptida). Zootaxa, 3972(2): https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3972.2.6 PMid:26249491
-266.
Golovatch, S.I. & Kime, R.D., 2009. Millipede (Diplopoda) distributions: A review. Soil Organisms, 81(3): 565-597. González-Montelongo, C. & Pérez-Vargas, I., 2019.
Looking for a home: Exploring the potential of epiphytic lichens to colonize tree plantations in a Macaronesian laurel forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 453: 117541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117541
Government of the Canary Islands. Biodiversity Data Bank of the Canary Islands (http://www.biodiversidadcanarias. es/biota). Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Hall, T.A., 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Sympsoium, 41: 95-98.
Hansen, A. & Kunkel, G., 1976. Erica scoparia subsp. platycodon comb. nova. In: G. Kunkel (ed.). Gran Canaria, Tenerife y La Gomera: notas floristicas y adiciones. Cuadernos botanicos canarios 26-27. Las Palmas: 79-80.
Hoffman, R.L., 1977. On the status of Siphonotus brasiliensis Brandt, and the diplopod family Siphonotidae (Polyzoniida). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 24(4-5): 425-431. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800240418
Hoffman, R.L., 1980. Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Genève. 237 pp.
Joly, F.X., Coq, S., Coulis, M., David, J.F., Hättenschwiler, S., Mueller, C.W., Prater, I. & Subke, J.A., 2020. Detritivore conversion of litter into faeces accelerates organic matter turnover. Communications Biology, 3: 660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01392-4 PMid:33177652 PMCid:PMC7658975
Koch, M., 2015. Diplopoda - general morphology. In: A. Minelli (ed.). Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, 2. Brill. Leiden: 7-67. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004188273_003
Korsós, Z., Enghoff, H. & Chang, H.W., 2008. A most unusual animal distribution pattern: A new siphonocryptid millipede from Taiwan (Diplopoda, Siphonocryptida).
Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 54(2): 151-157.
Korsós, Z., Geoffroy, J.J. & Mauriès, J.P., 2009. The fifth element: reconnection of the disjunct distribution of the members of Siphonocryptida (Diplopoda) with the description of a new species from Nepal. Journal of Natural History, 43(7-8): 435-445. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930802610428
Kudo, S.I., Akagi, Y., Hiraoka, S., Tanabe, T. & Morimoto, G., 2011. Exclusive male egg care and determinants of brooding success in a millipede. Ethology, 117(1): 19- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01851.x
Kudo, S.I., Koshio, C. & Tanabe, T., 2009. Male eggbrooding in the millipede Yamasinaium noduligerum (Diplopoda: Andrognathidae). Entomological Science, 12(3). 346-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2009.00331.x
Lewis, S.G., 1984. Notes on the biology of some common millipedes of the Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Borneo. The Sarawak Museum Journal, 33(54): 179‑185.
Liu, W., Rühr P.T. & Wesener, T., 2017. A look with μCT technology into a treasure trove of fossils: The first two fossils of the millipede order Siphoniulida discovered in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Myriapoda, Diplopoda). Cretaceous Research, 74: 100-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.01.009
Loksa, I., 1967. Diplopoden aus den Sammlungen von Prof. Dr. H. Franz auf den Kanarischen Inseln. Opuscula Zoologica, 7(1): 133-145.
Machado, A., 1976. Introduction to a faunal study of the Canary Islands' laurisilva, with special reference to the ground-beetles. In: Kungel G (ed.). Biogeography and https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1566-0_13
ecology in the Canary Islands. Springer. Heidelberg: 367-411.
Macias, A.M., Marek, P.E., Morrissey, E., Brewer, M., Short, D.G., Stauder, C., Wickert, K., Berger, M., Metheny, A., Stajich, J., Boyce, G., Rio, R.M., Panaccione, D., Wong, V., Jones, T. & Kasson, M., 2019. Diversity and function of fungi associated with the fungivorous millipede, Brachycybe lecontii. Fungal Ecology, 41: 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2019.06.006 PMid:31871487 PMCid:PMC6927558
Manton, S.M., 1961. The evolution of arthropodan locomotory mechanisms. Part 7. Functional requirements and body design in Colobognatha (Diplopoda), together https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1961.tb01622.x
with a comparative account of diplopod burrowing techniques, trunk musculature and segmentation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 44: 383-462.
Marek, P.E., Buzatto, B.A., Shear, W.A., Means, J.C., Black, D.G., Harvey, M.S. & Rodriguez, J., 2021. The first true millipede-1306 legs long. Scientific reports, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02447-0 PMid:34916527 PMCid:PMC8677783
McClintock, D.C., 1989. The Erica scoparia in Madeira. Heather Society Yearbook: 32-36.
Minelli, A., 1981. Le strategie riproduttive di alcuni artropodi di fagetta. Natura e Montagna, 28(4): 74-76.
Minelli, A., 2015. Diplopoda - development. In: A. Minelli (ed.). Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, 2. Brill. Leiden: 267-302. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004188273_012
Morales, D., Jiménez, M.S., González-Rodríguez, A.M. & Čermák, J., 1996. Laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary Islands. Trees, 11(1): 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680050055
Moritz, L., Blanke, A., Hammel, J.U. & Thomas, W., 2021. First steps toward suctorial feeding in millipedes: Comparative morphology of the head of the Platydesmida (Diplopoda: Colobognatha). Invertebrate Biology, 140(2): e12312. https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12312
Moritz, L., Borisova, E., Hammel, J.U., Blanke, A. & Wesener, T., 2022. A previously unknown feeding mode in millipedes and the convergence of fluid feeding across arthropods. Science Advances, 8(7): eabm0577. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm0577 PMid:35171667 PMCid:PMC8849289
Murakami, Y., 1962a. Postembryonic development of the common Myriapoda of Japan XI. Life history of Bazillozonium nodulosum Verhoeff (Corobognatha, Platydesmidae) 1. Zoological Magazine (Dobutsugaku Zasshi), 71: 250-255. [in Japanese].
Murakami, Y., 1962b. Postembryonic development of the common Myriapoda of Japan XII. Life history of Bazillozonium nodulosum Verhoeff (Colobognath, Platydesmidae) 2. Zoological Magazine (Dobutsugaku Zasshi), 71: 291-294. [in Japanese].
Murakami, Y., 1963. Postembryonic development of the common Myriapoda of Japan XI. Life history of Bazillozonium nodulosum Verhoeff (Colobognatha, Platydesmidae) 3. Zoological Magazine (Dobutsugaku Zasshi), 72: 40-47.
de Nascimento, L., Willis, K.J., Fernández-Palacios, J.M., Criado, C. & Whittaker, R.J., 2009. The long-term ecology of the lost forests of La Laguna, Tenerife (Canary Islands). Journal of Biogeography, 36(3): 499-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02012.x
Peacock, M.M., Beard, K.H., O'Neill, E.M., Kirchoff, V.S. & Peters, M.B., 2009. Strong founder effects and low genetic diversity in introduced populations of Coqui frogs. Molecular Ecology, 18(17): 3603-3615. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04308.x PMid:19674300
Pocock, R.I, 1894. Chilopoda, Symphyla and Diplopoda from the Malay Archipelago. In: M. Weber (ed.). Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederländisch Ost-Indien, Band 3. Brill. Leiden: 307-404.
POWO, 2022. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/). Retrieved 14 March 2022.
QGIS Development Team, 2019. QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. http://qgis.osgeo.org.
Read, H.J. & Enghoff, H., 2009. The order Siphonophorida-A taxonomist's nightmare? Lessons from a Brazilian collection. Soil Organisms, 81(3): 543-556.
Read, H.J. & Enghoff, H., 2018. Siphonophoridae from Brazilian Amazonia Part 1-The genus Columbianum Verhoeff, 1941 (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida). European https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.477
Journal of Taxonomy, 477: 1-23.
Reip, H.S. & Wesener, T., 2018. Intraspecific variation and phylogeography of the millipede model organism, the Black Pill Millipede Glomeris marginata (Villers, 1789) (Diplopoda, Glomerida, Glomeridae). ZooKeys, 741: 93-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.741.21917 PMid:30872937 PMCid:PMC5904428
Ribaut, H., 1908. Notes Myriopodologiques IV. Bulletin de la Société d'histoire naturelle de Toulouse, 41: 99-108. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.5607
Rimsky-Korsakow, M., 1895. Ueber Polyzonium germanicum Brandt. Trudy Sankt-Peterburgskogo Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei, Otdelenie Zoologii i Fiziologii, 25(2): 21-33.
Rivas-Martínez, S., Wildpret de la Torre W., del Arco Aguilar, M.J., Rodriguez Delgado, O., Pérez de Paz, P.L., García Gallo, A., Acebes Ginovés, J.R., Díaz González, T.E., & Fernández González, F., 1993. Las comunidades vegetales de la Isla de Tenerife (Islas Canarias). Itinera Geobotanica, 7: 169-374.
Santamaria, S., Enghoff, H. & Reboleira, A.S.P.S., 2014. Laboulbeniales on millipedes: the genera Diplopodomyces and Troglomyces. Mycologia, 106(5): 1027-1038. https://doi.org/10.3852/13-381 PMid:24987128
Santamaria, S., Enghoff, H. & Reboleira, A.S.P.S., 2016. Hidden biodiversity revealed by collections based research - Laboulbeniales in millipedes: genus Rickia. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.243.2.1
Phytotaxa, 243(2): 101-127.
Sierwald, P. & Bond, J.E., 2007. Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny. Annual Review of Entomology, 52: 401-420. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210 PMid:17163800
Silvestri, F., 1950. Segmentazione del corpo dei colobognati (Diplopodi). In: A.F. Elfströms Boktryckeri (ed.). Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm: 571-576.
Shelley, R.M., 2003. A revised, annotated, family-level classification of the Diplopoda. Arthropoda Selecta, 11(3): 187-207.
Shorter, P.L., Hennen, D.A. & Marek, P.E., 2018. Cryptic diversity in Andrognathus corticarius Cope, 1869 and description of a new Andrognathus species from New Mexico (Diplopoda, Platydesmida, Andrognathidae). ZooKeys, 786: 19-41. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.786.27631 PMid:30283233 PMCid:PMC6168611
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S., 2013. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular biology and evolution, 30(12): 2725-2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197 PMid:24132122 PMCid:PMC3840312
Tsutsui, N.D., Suarez, A.V., Holway, D.A. & Case, T.J., 2000. Reduced genetic variation and the success of an invasive species. Proceedings of the National Academy https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.100110397 PMid:10811892 PMCid:PMC18539
of Sciences, 97(11): 5948.
Verhoeff, K.W., 1926. Über einige südalpine Chilognathen (102. Diplopoden-Aufsatz.). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 66(1-4): 65-81.
Verhoeff, K.W., 1928. Klasse Diplopoda, 1. Teil. In: H.G. Bronns (ed.). Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, 5. Band, 2. Abteilung, Gliederfüssler: Arthropoda,. Akademischer Verlag. Leipzig: 1-1071.
Verhoeff, K.W., 1935. Neue ostasiatische Colobognathen. 140. Diplopden-Aufsatz. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 112(3- 4): 62-73.
Verhoeff, K.W., 1939. Diplopoden von der Ryukyu-Insel Okinawa. Transactions of Biogeographical Society of Japan, 3(2): 118-122.
Vicente, M.C. & Enghoff, H., 1999. The millipedes of the Canary Islands (Myriapoda: Diplopoda). Vieraea, 27: 183-204.
de Villers C.J., 1789. Caroli Linnaei Entomologia, faunae Suecicae descriptionibus aucta. Volume 4, Aptera. Lugduni. 556 pp.
Webb P.B. & Berthelot S., 1844. Histoire Naturelle des Îsles Canaries, Tome troisième, Phytographia Canariensis, Sectio II. Paris. 496 pp.
Wegensteiner, R., 1982. On the relationship between the ecological potence of Polyzonium germanicum Brandt (Diplopoda, Colobognatha) and the environmental parameters in the Vorderen Rotmoos (Lunz, NO). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere, 109(3): 309-327.
Wesener, T., 2015. No millipede endemics north of the Alps? DNA-barcoding reveals Glomeris malmivaga Verhoeff, 1912 as a synonym of G. ornata Koch, 1847 (Diplopoda, Glomerida, Glomeridae). Zootaxa, 3999(4): 571-580. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3999.4.7 PMid:26623596
Wong, V.L., Hennen, D.A., Macias, A.M., Brewer, M.S., Kasson, M.T. & Marek, P., 2020. Natural history of the social millipede Brachycybe lecontii Wood, 1864. Biodiversity Data Journal, 8: e50770. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e50770 PMid:32296285 PMCid:PMC7148388
Wood, H.C., 1864. Description of new genera and species of North American Myriapoda. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Science of Philadelphia, 1864: 186-187.
Yip, E.C. & Rayor, L.S., 2014. Maternal care and subsocial behaviour in spiders. Biological Reviews, 89(2): 427- 449. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12060 PMid:24171917
Zuev, R.V., 2017. The relict millipede Hirudicryptus abchasicus Golovatch, Evsyukov et Reip, 2015, represents a species, genus, family and order new to the fauna of Russia (Diplopoda: Siphonocryptida: Siphonocryptidae). Russian Entomological Journal, 26(3): 283-28 https://doi.org/10.15298/rusentj.26.3.12
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.
