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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">GRAELL</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Graellsia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Graellsia</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">0367-5041</issn>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">1989-953X</issn>
      <issn-l>0367-5041</issn-l>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient&#237;ficas</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name>SAM</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3989/graellsia.2022.v78.345</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">graellsia.2022.v78.345</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Notas / <italic>Notes</italic></subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Presencia de <italic>Parasteatoda lunata</italic> (Clerck, 1757) (Araneae: Theridiidae) en la Comunidad de&#160;Madrid (Espa&#241;a), con notas sobre su tela y comportamiento antidepredatorio</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Presence of <italic>Parasteatoda lunata</italic> (Clerck, 1757) (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the Community of Madrid (Spain), with notes on its web and antipredatory behaviour.</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
        <alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Presencia de <italic>Parasteatoda lunata</italic> (Clerck, 1757) (Araneae: Theridiidae) en la Comunidad de&#160;Madrid (Espa&#241;a)</alt-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" id="ra1">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2599-0971</contrib-id>
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Pinilla Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff id="aff1">
            <label>[1]</label>
            <addr-line>Avenida de Canillejas a Vic&#225;lvaro, 129, 2&#186; esc, 4&#186;A, 28022 Madrid</addr-line>, <country>Espa&#241;a</country>. </aff>
          <email>man.pinilla96@gmail.com</email>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>00</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>78</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e174</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="available-online">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>&#169; 2022 SAM &amp; CSIC</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>Este es un art&#237;culo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los t&#233;rminos de la licencia de uso y distribuci&#243;n Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0).</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="graellsia-78-2-e174.pdf"/>
      <abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>La ara&#241;a ter&#237;dida <italic>Parasteatoda lunata </italic>(Clerck, 1757) es citada por primera vez para el centro de la pen&#237;nsula ib&#233;rica. Parece estar localmente asociada al clima eurosiberiano y su establecimiento en los h&#225;bitats podr&#237;a depender principalmente de la presencia de objetos con forma y posici&#243;n adecuadas. Los ejemplares se dejaron caer al suelo, inm&#243;viles, como respuesta defensiva.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The theridiid spider <italic>Parasteatoda lunata </italic>(Clerck, 1757) is reported for the first time in central Iberian Peninsula. It seems to be locally associated with the Eurosiberian climate and its establishment in habitats could depend mainly on the presence of objects with an appropriate shape and position. Specimens dropped from their webs and remained motionless on the ground as a defensive response.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>ara&#241;as</kwd>
        <kwd>telas irregulares</kwd>
        <kwd>tanatosis</kwd>
        <kwd>sierra de Guadarrama</kwd>
        <kwd>comarca de la Sierra Norte de Madrid</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Central</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>spiders</kwd>
        <kwd>tangle-webs</kwd>
        <kwd>thanatosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Guadarrama mountain range</kwd>
        <kwd>region of Sierra Norte de Madrid</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Central</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>xml-html-producer</meta-name>
          <meta-value>Composiciones RALI, S.A.</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta id="how-to-cite">
          <meta-name>C&#243;mo citar este art&#237;culo/Citation: </meta-name>
          <meta-value>Pinilla Rosa, M. 2022. Presencia de <italic>Parasteatoda lunata </italic>(Clerck, 1757) (Araneae: Theridiidae) en la Comunidad de Madrid (Espa&#241;a), con notas sobre su tela y comportamiento antidepredatorio. <italic>Graellsia, </italic>78(2): e174. <ext-link xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2022.v78.345" ext-link-type="uri">https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2022.v78.345</ext-link></meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>La biodiversidad de ara&#241;as de la pen&#237;nsula ib&#233;rica se encuentra poco prospectada (<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">Cardoso, 2008</xref>) y aunque en la provincia de Madrid se han realizado 103 estudios que citan 347 especies, no supone una excepci&#243;n (<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">Morano &amp; Gonz&#225;lez-Casarrubios, 2021</xref>; <xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">Narro-Mart&#237;n &amp; Cabanillas, 2021</xref>; <xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">Pinilla Rosa, 2021</xref>). Por ejemplo, el Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama, con 33.960 ha y 25 h&#225;bitats de inter&#233;s comunitario (<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">de Armas, 2013</xref>), registra solo 67 especies de Araneae (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">de Biurrun <italic>et al., </italic>2019</xref>), mientras que el Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel, con 3.030 ha y 11 h&#225;bitats de inter&#233;s comunitario, registra 151 (<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">Morano, 2017</xref>).</p>
    <p><italic>Parasteatoda lunata </italic>(Clerck, 1757) (= <italic>Achaearanea lunata</italic>) es una ara&#241;a ter&#237;dida con machos y hembras de longitud similar, comprendida entre 2,7 y 5,6&#160;mm. El color del prosoma var&#237;a de marr&#243;n-rojizo a negro, las patas son amarillentas con anulaciones oscuras y el opistosoma, m&#225;s alto que ancho, posee dos grandes manchas color crema rodeadas por l&#237;neas blancas (<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">Levi &amp; Amitai, 1982</xref>; <xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">Jones, 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">Nentwig <italic>et al., </italic>2021</xref>). Su distribuci&#243;n conocida comprende toda Europa continental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">Nentwig <italic>et al., </italic>2021</xref>), Turqu&#237;a, Israel, el C&#225;ucaso, Rusia e Ir&#225;n (<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">World Spider Catalog, 2021</xref>). En la pen&#237;nsula ib&#233;rica presenta citas en Pirineos y sus proximidades (Barcelona, Andorra, Lleida, Huesca, Navarra, Guip&#250;zcoa y &#193;lava), Picos de Europa (Le&#243;n) y la franja oeste de Portugal (Braga, Porto, Co&#237;mbra y Set&#250;bal) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">de Biurrun <italic>et al., </italic>2019</xref>). Posee un ciclo de vida bianual en el sur de Francia (<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">Juberthie, 1954</xref>), posiblemente anual en partes de Europa central, y bienal en Dinamarca (<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">Toft, 1978</xref>). Los adultos, presentes principalmente en verano, construyensus telas en troncos y ramas de &#225;rboles (<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">Toft, 1978</xref>; <xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">Jones, 1983</xref>), rincones de paredes (<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">Juberthie, 1954</xref>), vallas, puertas y l&#225;pidas (<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">Lee, 2002</xref>), mientras que los juveniles habitan el estrato herb&#225;ceo. Es una especie forestal eurioica que parece preferir las formaciones de con&#237;feras (<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">Toft, 1978</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap position="float" id="taw1" orientation="portrait" content-type="w68">
      <label>Tabla 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Localizaci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica de los ejemplares de <italic>P. lunata </italic>recolectados en la Comunidad de Madrid, con el lugar y la altura aproximada de disposici&#243;n de sus telas. Se indica su n&#250;mero de dep&#243;sito en la colecci&#243;n de artr&#243;podos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. P. O.: Pont&#243;n de la Oliva; V. A.: Valle de la Angostura.</title>
        <p xml:lang="en">Table 1.&#8212; Geographic location of the specimens of <italic>P. lunata </italic>found in the Community of Madrid, with their web-sites and web-height. Their deposit number in the arthropod collection of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales is indicated. P. O.: Pont&#243;n de la Oliva; V. A.: Valle de la Angostura.</p>
      </caption>
      <table id="tab1" content-type="center_middle">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">
              <bold>Localizaci&#243;n (coords. GPS)</bold>
            </th>
            <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">
              <bold>Sustrato de la tela</bold>
            </th>
            <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">
              <bold>Altura (m)</bold>
            </th>
            <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">
              <bold>Dep&#243;sito</bold>
            </th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">P. O., 40&#186; 53,865&#8217; N, 3&#186; 27,275&#8217; O, 761 m s. n. m.</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Dos ramas de un fresno.</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">2</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">MNCN 20.02/20398</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">V. A., 40&#186; 50,312&#8217; N, 3&#186; 53,667&#8217; O, 1263 m s. n. m.
            </td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Paredes de un hueco en un talud de tierra.</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">1,75</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">MNCN 20.02/20399</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">V. A., 40&#186; 49,759&#8217; N, 3&#186; 55,205&#8217; O, 1448 m s. n. m.
            </td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Dos pinos.</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">3</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">MNCN 20.02/20400</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">V. A., 40&#186; 49,893&#8217; N, 3&#186; 54,647&#8217; O, 1404 m s. n. m.
            </td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Dos pinos (Fig. 2A).</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">1,50</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">MNCN 20.02/20401</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">V. A., 40&#186; 50,001&#8217; N, 3&#186; 54,121&#8217; O, 1356 m s. n. m.
            </td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Dos postes de una valla de metal.</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">0,5</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">MNCN 20.02/20402</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">V. A., 40&#186; 51,138&#8217; N, 3&#186; 53,052&#8217; O, 1265 m s. n. m.
            </td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Dos postes de una valla de madera.</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">0,3</td>
            <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">MNCN 20.02/20403</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>Para la identificaci&#243;n de los ejemplares se emplearon las claves disponibles en Nentwig <italic>et al. </italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">2021</xref>). Una hembra de <italic>P. lunata </italic>fue recolectada por Alberto Narro Mart&#237;n el 15/06/2019 en el Pont&#243;n de la Oliva (<xref ref-type="table" rid="taw1">Tabla 1</xref>), municipio de Patones, comarca de la Sierra Norte de Madrid. El h&#225;bitat est&#225; formado por un bosque de <italic>Fraxinus angustifolia </italic>Vahl que recorre la orilla del r&#237;o Lozoya (Narro Mart&#237;n, com. pers., 2022). Otras cinco hembras fueron recogidas por el autor el 13/07/2021 en el Valle de la Angostura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="taw1">Tabla 1</xref>), municipio de Rascafr&#237;a, sierra de Guadarrama, provincia de Madrid. El h&#225;bitat consiste en un pinar de <italic>Pinus sylvestris </italic>L. con pies dispersos de <italic>Alnus glutinosa </italic>(L.) Gaertn., <italic>Betula pendula </italic>Roth, <italic>Ilex aquifolium </italic>L. y <italic>Taxus baccata </italic>L., en las cercan&#237;as del arroyo de la Angostura (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>). Las ara&#241;as construyeron sus telas entre objetos verticales paralelos entre s&#237; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2A</xref>), de origen natural o artificial, a una altura de 0,3-3 m (<xref ref-type="table" rid="taw1">Tabla 1</xref>). Las telas consist&#237;an en hilos dispuestos irregularmente entre los objetos verticales (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2A</xref>). En la parte superior exist&#237;a un refugio en forma de campana, elaborado con restos vegetales, similar al que realiza <italic>Phylloneta impressa </italic>(L. Koch, 1881)(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2A, B</xref>). Las anfitrionas se dejaban caer al suelo encogidas e inm&#243;viles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2C</xref>) al ser rozadas, romperse la tela o ser golpeado su refugio durante el intento de captura. Los individuos han sido depositados en la colecci&#243;n de artr&#243;podos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (<xref ref-type="table" rid="taw1">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig-group content-type="group" position="float" orientation="portrait" id="figg1">
      <fig position="anchor" id="fig1" orientation="portrait">
        <label>Fig. 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>H&#225;bitat de <italic>P. lunata </italic>en el Valle de la Angostura, sierra de Guadarrama (fotograf&#237;a cortes&#237;a de Irene L&#243;pez N&#250;&#241;ez).</title>
          <p xml:lang="en">Fig. 1.&#8212; Habitat of <italic>P. lunata </italic>in Valle de la Angostura, Guadarrama mountain range (picture courtesy of Irene L&#243;pez N&#250;&#241;ez).</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="graellsia-78-2-e174-image1.png" position="float" orientation="portrait"/>
      </fig>
      <fig position="anchor" id="fig2" orientation="portrait">
        <label>Fig. 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A: Tela de <italic>P. lunata </italic>situada entre dos pinos en la sierra de Guadarrama (fotograf&#237;a cortes&#237;a de Carlota Zafra Llorente). B: Ampliaci&#243;n del refugio, donde se aprecia a la ara&#241;a. C:&#160;<italic>P.&#160;lunata </italic>camuflada en el suelo tras dejarse caer de su tela como defensa antidepredatoria.</title>
          <p xml:lang="en">Fig. 2.&#8212; A: Web of <italic>P. lunata </italic>situated between two pines in Guadarrama mountain range (picture courtesy of Carlota Zafra Llorente). B: Ampliation of the retreat in which the spider can be seen. C: <italic>P. lunata </italic>cryptic on the ground after dropping from the web in an antipredatory behaviour.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="graellsia-78-2-e174-image2.png" position="float" orientation="portrait"/>
      </fig>
    </fig-group>
    <p>Tanto la distribuci&#243;n peninsular previamente conocida para <italic>P. lunata </italic>como su presencia en enclaves h&#250;medos y frescos de las sierras orientales del Sistema Central apuntan a que se encuentra localmente asociada al clima eurosiberiano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">Rivas-Mart&#237;nez <italic>et&#160;al., </italic>2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">S&#225;nchez-Mata <italic>et al., </italic>2017</xref>). A pesar del bajo n&#250;mero de ejemplares, se observ&#243; la construcci&#243;n de nidos en diversos sustratos, a una altura m&#225;s variable que los 1,5-2 m reportados por Jones (<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">1983</xref>). Esto indica que se trata de un tax&#243;n generalista cuyo establecimiento en un lugar depende de la presencia de objetos con la forma y posici&#243;n adecuadas, independientemente de su altura, material u origen. La estructura de las telas coincidi&#243; con la conocida para las especies del g&#233;nero, salvo por la ausencia de hilos con gotas de pegamento dirigidos verticalmente hacia el sustrato (<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">Szlep, 1965</xref>; <xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">Benjamin &amp; Zschokke, 2003</xref>). Parece que dichos hilos s&#237; est&#225;n presentes en las telas que realizan los juveniles de <italic>P. lunata, </italic>pero desaparecen en las de las hembras adultas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">Eberhard <italic>et al., </italic>2008</xref>), posiblemente debido al cambio de h&#225;bitat que se produce entre ambos estadios (<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">Toft, 1978</xref>). Dejarse caer al suelo y permanecer inm&#243;viles es una de las estrategias antidepredatorias m&#225;s efectivas de las ara&#241;as (<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">Cloudsley-Thompson, 1995</xref>). Este comportamiento se ha observado en numerosas especies de la familia Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">Knoflach, 1998</xref>; <xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">Bonnet, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Brown <italic>et al., </italic>2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">Schraft <italic>et&#160;al., </italic>2021</xref>), pero hasta la fecha no hab&#237;a sido constatado en esta especie.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimientos</title>
      <p>A Andr&#233;s Felipe Caballero Garc&#237;a y Carlota Zafra Llorente por su ayuda en el trabajo de campo. A Alberto Narro Mart&#237;n e Irene L&#243;pez N&#250;&#241;ez por cederme el ejemplar recolectado en el Pont&#243;n de Oliva y la fotograf&#237;a presentada en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>, respectivamente. Al personal de la colecci&#243;n de artr&#243;podos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales por la conservaci&#243;n de las ara&#241;as. Tambi&#233;n a los revisores, Antonio Melic Blas y Carlos Mora Rubio, por sus valiosas aportaciones al manuscrito.</p>
    </ack>
   
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