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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">GRA</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Graellsia</journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">0367-5041</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient&#x00ED;ficas; Sociedad de Amigos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">GRA201323_e026</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3989/graellsia.2015.v71.129</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>LOS HEMER&#x00D3;BIDOS DE LA PEN&#x00CD;NSULA IB&#x00C9;RICA Y BALEARES (INSECTA, NEUROPTERIDA, NEUROPTERA: HEMEROBIIDAE)</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>The brown-lacewings from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Hemer&#x00F3;bidos de la Pen&#x00ED;nsula Ib&#x00E9;rica y Baleares</alt-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
					<name>
						<surname>Monserrat</surname>
						<given-names>V&#x00ED;ctor J.</given-names>
					</name>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff>Departamento de Zoolog&#x00ED;a y Antropolog&#x00ED;a F&#x00ED;sica, Facultad de Biolog&#x00ED;a, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid (Espa&#x00F1;a)</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="cor1">E-mail: <email xlink:href="artmad@bio.ucm.es">artmad@bio.ucm.es</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date pub-type="epub">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2015</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date pub-type="collection">
				<year>2015</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>71</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id content-type="doi">10.3989/graellsia.2015.v71.129</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2014</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2015</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="Published online">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2015</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2015 SAM y CSIC</copyright-statement>
				<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (cc by-nc) Spain 3.0 License.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>Se revisan las especies de hemer&#x00F3;bidos presentes en la fauna de la Pen&#x00ED;nsula Ib&#x00E9;rica e Islas Baleares donde, hasta la fecha, est&#x00E1; representada por 40 especies pertenecientes a 7 g&#x00E9;neros. Tras una diagnosis de la familia y algunos elementos sobre su historial paleontol&#x00F3;gico y su distribuci&#x00F3;n, se aportan unos datos generales sobre su morfolog&#x00ED;a y su biolog&#x00ED;a, sus estadios juveniles y comportamiento, y se comenta una breve introducci&#x00F3;n sobre la historia en el conocimiento de la familia, y en particular en la Pen&#x00ED;nsula Ib&#x00E9;rica y Baleares. Se incluye una lista de las especies pertenecientes a su fauna, una clave de identificaci&#x00F3;n de los g&#x00E9;neros, subg&#x00E9;neros y especies citadas en la Pen&#x00ED;nsula Ib&#x00E9;rica y Baleares, y una clave de sus larvas a nivel gen&#x00E9;rico. De cada una de estas especies se recopilan y se anotan todas las referencias bibliogr&#x00E1;ficas existentes relativas a las especies de la zona estudiada, tanto con la denominaci&#x00F3;n actualmente aceptada, como de sus sinonimias y/o cualquier otra combinaci&#x00F3;n nomenclatural bajo las cuales han sido citadas. Tambi&#x00E9;n de cada una de las especies se anotan los datos conocidos y los ahora anotados sobre su distribuci&#x00F3;n general, aspectos de su morfolog&#x00ED;a externa y genital, as&#x00ED; como de su variabilidad, estadios juveniles, biolog&#x00ED;a, fenolog&#x00ED;a y distribuci&#x00F3;n altitudinal y geogr&#x00E1;fica en la pen&#x00ED;nsula y archipi&#x00E9;lago balear, en base a un total de 5.338 ejemplares estudiados y aportando nuevo material in&#x00E9;dito de 10 especies (con 341 nuevos ejemplares estudiados).</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>
					<bold>The brown-lacewings from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands</bold>
				</p>
				<p>The present contribution revises the brown-lacewing species included in the fauna of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands which, to date, is represented by 40 species belonging to 7 genera. After a diagnosis of the family and its paleontological history and distribution, some general data on its morphology and biology, juvenile stages and behavior are examined, and a brief introduction on knowledge of the history of the family, particularly in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands, is considered. A list of relevant species, an identification key to the genera, subgenera and species recorded in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands, and a general key to their larval stages, are included. For each species present in the study area, all existing bibliographic references, both with the currently accepted name, their synonyms and/or any other nomenclatorial combinations under which they have been recorded, are reviewed and anotated. Also considered for each species are the present general distribution, and both the known and new recorded data of external and genital morphology, as well as their variability, juvenile stages, biology, phenology and altitudinal and geographic distribution in the Peninsula and Balearic Archipelago, on the basis of 5.338 studied specimens, including new unrecorded material for 10 species (with 341 newly studied specimens).</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave</title>
				<kwd>Insecta</kwd>
				<kwd>Neuroptera</kwd>
				<kwd>Hemerobiidae</kwd>
				<kwd>Revisi&#x00F3;n</kwd>
				<kwd>Taxonom&#x00ED;a</kwd>
				<kwd>Faun&#x00ED;stica</kwd>
				<kwd>Morfolog&#x00ED;a</kwd>
				<kwd>Pen&#x00ED;nsula Ib&#x00E9;rica</kwd>
				<kwd>Islas Baleares</kwd>
				<kwd>Espa&#x00F1;a</kwd>
				<kwd>Portugal</kwd>
				<kwd>Andorra</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key Words</title>
				<kwd>Insecta</kwd>
				<kwd>Neuroptera</kwd>
				<kwd>Hemerobiidae</kwd>
				<kwd>Revision</kwd>
				<kwd>Taxonomy</kwd>
				<kwd>Faunistics</kwd>
				<kwd>Morphology</kwd>
				<kwd>Iberian Peninsula</kwd>
				<kwd>Balearic Islands</kwd>
				<kwd>Spain</kwd>
				<kwd>Portugal</kwd>
				<kwd>Andorra</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec id="S0001" sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducci&#243;n</title>
			<p>Anotamos en este primer apartado unas generalidades introductorias sobre la diagnosis de esta familia, su historial paleontol&#243;gico
 y distribuci&#243;n, algunos datos generales sobre su biolog&#237;a, comportamiento, estadios juveniles y ciclos biol&#243;gicos, y un breve
 historial sobre su taxonom&#237;a y sistem&#225;tica y su progresivo conocimiento en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica y Baleares.
</p>
			<p>
				<bold>Generalidades: diagnosis, historial paleontol&#243;gico y distribuci&#243;n</bold>
			</p>
			<p>Los hemer&#243;bidos constituyen una interesante familia de neur&#243;pteros (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1-12</xref>), debido a su amplia distribuci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica, al elevado n&#250;mero de individuos que frecuentemente constituyen sus poblaciones,
 y especialmente por su utilizaci&#243;n como agentes de control de peque&#241;os artr&#243;podos fit&#243;fagos (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0550">1975a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0551">1975b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0558">1988c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0561">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0562">2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0563">2002</xref>; McEwen <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0356">2001</xref>). No obstante, es proporcionalmente escasa la atenci&#243;n que vienen recibiendo en comparaci&#243;n con otras familias de neur&#243;pteros
 de inter&#233;s en el control biol&#243;gico, sea Coniopterygidae y especialmente Chrysopidae, y son proporcionalmente escasos los datos
 existentes sobre la distribuci&#243;n, la biolog&#237;a, fenolog&#237;a, morfolog&#237;a, estadios juveniles y variabilidad de la mayor&#237;a de sus
 especies (Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0577">1988a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0578">1988b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0579">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0582">1993b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0583">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0584">1996</xref>; Makarkin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0330">1990</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0409">1990a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0411">1990c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0412">1990d</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0417">1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0419">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0423">2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0424">2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0425">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Deretsky, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0434">1999</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0562">2001</xref>; H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0208">2007</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>; Devetak, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0102">2014</xref>, etc., por citar algunos de los m&#225;s recientes).
</p>
			<fig id="F0001">
				<label>Figs. 1-12</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Hemer&#243;bidos en su ambiente: 1-2: <italic>Sympherobius fallax</italic>; 3: <italic>Megalomus</italic> sp., probablemente <italic>M. hirtus</italic>; 4: <italic>Hemerobius</italic>
						<italic>gilvus</italic>; 5: <italic>Megalomus</italic> sp., probablemente <italic>M. tineoides</italic>; 6: <italic>Micromus angulatus</italic>; 7: <italic>Micromus variegatus</italic>; 8: <italic>Hemerobius micans</italic>; 9: <italic>Micromus angulatus</italic>; 10: <italic>Wesmaelius subnebulosus</italic>; 11: <italic>Drepanepteryx phalaenoides</italic>; 12: <italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus</italic>. Fotos 1-4 y 6 de Isidro Mart&#237;nez; 5 de Francisco Rodr&#237;guez (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://faluke.blogspot.com.es/search/label/neuroptera">http://faluke.blogspot.com.es/search/label/neuroptera</ext-link>); 7 y 9 de Jos&#233; Ram&#243;n Pato (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.faunayflora.net/index.php">http://www.faunayflora.net/index.php</ext-link>); 8 de Santiago Pagola; 10 de Jos&#233; Ignacio L. Col&#243;n; 11 de Johannes Gepp &#38; Edith Winkler; 12 de Johannes Gepp (tomada de
 Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>).</p>
					<p>Habitus of brown-lacewings in their habitats: 1-2: <italic>Sympherobius fallax</italic>; 3: <italic>Megalomus</italic> sp., probably <italic>M. hirtus</italic>; 4: <italic>Hemerobius</italic>
						<italic>gilvus</italic>; 5: <italic>Megalomus</italic> sp., probably <italic>M. tineoides</italic>; 6: <italic>Micromus angulatus</italic>; 7: <italic>Micromus variegatus</italic>; 8: <italic>Hemerobius micans</italic>; 9: <italic>Micromus angulatus</italic>; 10: <italic>Wesmaelius subnebulosus</italic>; 11: <italic>Drepanepteryx phalaenoides</italic>; 12: <italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus</italic>. Fotographs 1-4 and 6 by Isidro Mart&#237;nez; 5 by Francisco Rodr&#237;guez (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://faluke.blogspot.com.es/search/label/neuroptera">http://faluke.blogspot.com.es/search/label/neuroptera</ext-link>); 7 and 9 by Jos&#233; Ram&#243;n Pato (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.faunayflora.net/index.php">http://www.faunayflora.net/index.php</ext-link>); 8 by Santiago Pagola; 10 by Jos&#233; Ignacio L. Col&#243;n; 11 by Johannes Gepp &#38; Edith Winkler; 12 by Johannes Gepp, from Gepp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>).</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g001.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Por muchos caracteres morfol&#243;gicos, anat&#243;micos y biol&#243;gicos, los hemer&#243;bidos son muy pr&#243;ximos a los cris&#243;pidos (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0559">1989</xref>), quienes junto a los osm&#237;lidos y sis&#237;ridos son su grupo hermano, y junto a otras familias pertenecen al suborden de los
 Hemerobiiformia, uno de los grandes y m&#225;s extensos y diversos linajes que constituyen los Neuroptera <italic>s.str</italic>. (= Planipennia) Handlirsch, 1908 (Asp&#246;ck, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0017">1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0018">1995</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0019">1996</xref>; H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>; U. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0026">2001</xref>; Nel <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0539">2003</xref>; Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0021">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0022">2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0023">2013</xref>; Winterton <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0729">2010</xref>; Tauber &#38; Adams, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0684">1990</xref>; Beutel <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0051">2010</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0024">2012</xref>; etc.), y que junto a los Raphidioptera Latreille, 1810 y los Megaloptera Latreille, 1810 forman el Superorden Neuropterida
 o Neuroptera <italic>s. l</italic>., que en su conjunto est&#225; constituido por unas 6550 especies repartidas en estos tres &#243;rdenes citados y habitualmente reconocidos:
 Megaloptera (c. 310 spp.), Raphidioptera (c. 239 spp.) y Planipennia o Neuroptera <italic>s. str</italic>. (c. 6000 spp.) (Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0014">1991</xref>; H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>), cuyas relaciones a&#250;n son objeto de amplios debates (ej.: Whiting <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0724">1997</xref>; Ren &#38; Hong, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0630">1994</xref>; U. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0026">2001</xref>; Winterton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0728">2003</xref>; Haring &#38; Asp&#246;ck, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0194">2004</xref>; Winterton <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0729">2010</xref>; Haring <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0195">2011</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0024">2012</xref>; Peters <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0610">2014</xref>, etc.).
</p>
			<p>Dentro de esta familia cerca de 30 g&#233;neros actuales son conocidos y su taxonom&#237;a ha sido en varias ocasiones subdividida en
 clasificaciones que no han sido posteriormente asumidas (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0559">1989</xref>; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0583">1994</xref>), sea Sympherobiidae/resto: Hemerobiidae (Comstock, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0086">1918</xref>) o Notiobiellinae/resto: Hemerobiinae (Nakahara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0467">1960a</xref>). Hoy d&#237;a se aceptan las subfamilias: Adelphohemerobiinae Oswald, 1994 (un g&#233;nero de Chile), Hemerobiinae Latreille, 1802 (cinco g&#233;neros, en conjunto de distribuci&#243;n cosmopolita), Sympherobiinae Comstock, 1918 (tres g&#233;neros de distribuci&#243;n cosmopolita, salvo Australia), Carobiinae Oswald, 1993 (un g&#233;nero de Australia), Psychobiellinae
 Oswald, 1993 (un g&#233;nero de Australia), Notiobiellinae Nakahara, 1960 (cuatro g&#233;neros, en conjunto de distribuci&#243;n cosmopolita),
 Dreapanacrinae Oswald, 1993 (tres g&#233;neros de distribuci&#243;n neotropical, S.E. Asia, Australia, Nueva Zelanda y Pac&#237;fico sur),
 Megalominae Kr&#252;ger, 1922 (un g&#233;nero de Eurasia, &#193;frica, Norte- y Sudam&#233;rica), Drepanepteryginae Kr&#252;ger, 1922 (tres g&#233;neros de Eurasia, &#193;frica y Sudam&#233;rica) y Microminae Kr&#252;ger, 1922 (cuatro g&#233;neros, en conjunto de distribuci&#243;n cosmopolita) (Kr&#252;ger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0282">1922</xref>; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0583">1994</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Deretsky, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0434">1999</xref>; H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0562">2001</xref>). Para los interesados en conocer informaci&#243;n sobre sus g&#233;neros y especies se recomienda Oswald (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0587">2013a</xref>).
</p>
			<p>La familia est&#225; formada por unas 600 especies actuales que se consideran v&#225;lidas (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0411">1990c</xref>; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>), y est&#225; representada en la fauna del Pale&#225;rtico Occidental (desde Macaronesia, Norte de &#193;frica y Europa a Oriente Medio,
 C&#225;ucaso e Ir&#225;n) por c. 64 especies (Asp&#246;ck, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1992</xref>; H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>). La Fauna Ib&#233;rico-Balear posee representantes de todos los g&#233;neros de esta familia presentes en la Fauna neuropterol&#243;gica
 Europea, y es particularmente rica en especies de neur&#243;pteros, ya que nada menos que 197 especies est&#225;n presentes en su fauna:
 Megaloptera (3 spp.), Raphidioptera (16 spp.) y Planipennia o Neuroptera <italic>s. str</italic>. (178 spp.), representando en varias familias entre el 100% a m&#225;s del 75% del total de especies europeas conocidas, y en
 el caso de la familia que tratamos incluye el 75,47% de las especies europeas, con 40 especies confirmadas en su fauna (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1-12</xref>), de las 53 especies v&#225;lidas hoy citadas en Europa (Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0014">1991</xref>; Asp&#246;ck, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1992</xref>; Asp&#246;ck &#38; H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0025">1996</xref>; H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>), algunas end&#233;micas y otras &#250;nicamente citadas en ella dentro del Continente Europeo.
</p>
			<p>La familia Hemerobiidae ha sido definida desde Kr&#252;ger (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0282">1922</xref>) y Tillyard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0688">1916</xref>) a Oswald (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>), quien realiza un an&#225;lisis clad&#237;stico de sus g&#233;neros, aportando una clave de g&#233;neros (imagos) y definiendo sus relaciones
 filogen&#233;ticas.
</p>
			<p>Esta familia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1-12</xref>) tiene como caracteres diagn&#243;sticos, entre otros, la presencia de cabeza peque&#241;a, hipognata, fuertemente esclerificada (puede
 presentar &#225;reas membranosas sobre la frente en algunos g&#233;neros como <italic>Neosympherobius</italic>), y porta dos grandes ojos compuestos, negros o cobrizos, ampliamente lateralizados, en especies de alta monta&#241;a a veces
 reducidos (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>) y sin ocelos presentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0002">Fig. 13</xref>). En estado de reposo la cabeza est&#225; con frecuencia flanqueada por la regi&#243;n basal de las alas anteriores que la protegen
 (<italic>Drepanepteryx, Megalomus</italic>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 11</xref>). Las antenas son moniliformes, generalmente algo m&#225;s cortas que las alas anteriores (<italic>Hemerobius, Wesmaelius, Micromus</italic>), algo m&#225;s largas en <italic>Psectra</italic>, y menor de la mitad de la longitud de las alas anteriores en <italic>Drepanepteryx</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1-11</xref>), poseen escapo grande, aplanado dorsoventralmente y grueso, generalmente convexo hacia la l&#237;nea media interior y pedicelo
 normalmente mayor que el primer flagel&#243;mero (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0002">Fig. 13</xref>) y el n&#250;mero de flagel&#243;meros es variable (45-65), a veces con modificaciones sexuales. Aparato bucal masticador con mand&#237;bulas
 asim&#233;tricas portadoras de un dent&#237;culo interno (m&#225;s desarrollado en la izquierda), palpo maxilar formado por 5 o 6 artejos
 y labial por 3 o 4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0002">Fig. 13</xref>).
</p>
			<fig id="F0002">
				<label>Fig. 13</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Terminolog&#237;a cef&#225;lica de <italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus</italic>, adaptada de Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>). A: vista anterior, B: vista lateral. cd: cardo; clp: cl&#237;peo; ga: galea; ge: gena; f ant: foramen antenal; fr: frente; la:
 lac&#237;nea; lbr: labro; md: mand&#237;bula; o: ojo; oc: occipucio; ped: pedicelo; pl: palpo labial; pmx: palpo maxilar; scf: sutura
 cl&#237;peo-frontal; scp: escapo; sm: submentum; st: estipe; ste: sutura temporal; v: v&#233;rtex.</p>
					<p>Head Terminology of <italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus</italic>, adapted from Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>). A: from front, B: from side. cd: cardo; clp: clypeus; ga: galea; ge: gena; f ant: antennary foramen; fr: frons; la: lacinia;
 lbr: labrum; md: mandible; o: eye; oc: occiput; ped: pedicel; pl: labial palpus; pmx: paxillary palpus; scf: clypeo-frontal
 suture; scp: scape; sm: submentum; st: stipe; ste: temporal suture; v: vertex.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g002.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>El t&#243;rax es compacto, piloso, de similar color que el resto del tegumento, aunque frecuentemente porta una banda media dorsal
 m&#225;s p&#225;lida. Prot&#243;rax con pronoto transverso, generalmente m&#225;s ancho que largo, a veces m&#225;s alargado y/o con expansiones laterales,
 el mesot&#243;rax suele estar m&#225;s desarrollado que el metat&#243;rax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1-11</xref>). Las alas est&#225;n bien desarrolladas, en las alas anteriores su longitud oscila entre los 3 y los 18 mm, son subiguales, ovoides,
 a veces el&#237;pticas o alargadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1-10</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">40-54</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">88-97</xref>), a veces marcadamente falcadas en su extremo e incluso de aspecto festoneado, imitando hojas secas (<italic>Drepanepteryx, Megalomus, Micromus, Gayomyia, Megalomina, Drepanacra</italic>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 11</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">98</xref>), y ocasionalmente, especialmente en poblaciones isle&#241;as o de alta monta&#241;a o en especies adaptadas a medios m&#225;s ed&#225;ficos,
 hay reducci&#243;n en las alas posteriores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">99</xref>) con ejemplares braqu&#237;pteros, micr&#243;pteros o dim&#243;rficos, con ejemplares machos o hembras macr&#243;pteros o braqu&#237;pteros (<italic>Nusalala, Psectra, Micromus, Hemerobius</italic>, <italic>Conchopterella, Pseudopsectra, Nesothauma,</italic> etc.) y/o algo m&#225;s esclerificadas y ocasionalmente algo m&#225;s cori&#225;ceas, incluso fusionadas o pinchosas las anteriores (Perkins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0608">1899</xref>; McClendon, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0355">1906</xref>; Mj&#246;berg, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0379">1910</xref>; Killington &#38; Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0241">1932</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; Tjeder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0697">1936b</xref>; Carpenter, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">1940</xref>; Zimmerman, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0760">1946</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0761">1957</xref>; Lems, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0302">1952</xref>; MacLeod, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0321">1960b</xref>; Penny &#38; Sturm, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0605">1984</xref>; Simon <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0655">1984</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0545">1966</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0555">1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0559">1989</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0562">2001</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0415">1992a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0584">1996</xref>; Hollier <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0200">1997</xref>; Tauber <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0686">2007</xref>). En estado de reposo normalmente adoptan la t&#237;pica posici&#243;n tectiforme o &#8220;en tejadillo&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1-11</xref>), aunque algunos g&#233;neros (<italic>Notiobiella, Annandalia</italic>) aplican las alas sobre el substrato, quiz&#225;s como m&#233;todo defensivo para evitar sombras y pasar m&#225;s inadvertidos (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0555">1986</xref>). Mayoritariamente la membrana y la venaci&#243;n alar es, como el tegumento, de tonos pardos (ocasionalmente en algunas especies
 de algunos g&#233;neros como <italic>Notiobiella</italic> es verde), siendo frecuentes bandas, manchas y sombras m&#225;s oscuras sobre ella o su nerviaci&#243;n (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1-11</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">52-54</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">91-99</xref>), con frecuencia est&#225; irregularmente pigmentada con zonas m&#225;s oscuras y otras m&#225;s p&#225;lidas, y a veces (ej.: en g&#233;neros <italic>Wesmaelius</italic>, <italic>Sympherobius</italic>, <italic>Megalomus</italic>, <italic>Megalomina, Gayomyia</italic>, <italic>Drepanacra, Carobius, Micromus</italic>) existe una gran variabilidad en la pigmentaci&#243;n, incluso dentro de la misma especie (ej.: se han descrito unas 17 formas,
 a veces como especies distintas, en funci&#243;n de la coloraci&#243;n de <italic>Drepanacra binocula</italic>), y sobre ella la setaci&#243;n es normalmente abundante (con microtrichias sobre la membrana y macrotrichia sobre la venaci&#243;n),
 tricosoros presentes (peque&#241;os espesamientos sobre la vena costal situados entre los extremos de las bifurcaciones distales
 de las venas longitudinales) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Figs. 14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">88-99</xref>) y carecen de nygmata (peque&#241;os puntos cuticulares oscuros que pueden aparecer en las alas anteriores, posteriores, o en
 ambas en algunas familias de neur&#243;pteros). El perostigma es de presencia variable seg&#250;n g&#233;neros y especies, generalmente poco
 conspicuo. La venaci&#243;n de las alas anteriores se caracteriza por la fusi&#243;n por un tramo del Radio y su Sector (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Fig. 14</xref>) y la presencia de dos o m&#225;s (hasta 12) ramas del Radio, frecuentemente llamados Sectores del Radio (SR en el texto), en
 n&#250;mero variable: normalmente 2 en <italic>Sympherobius</italic> y <italic>Psectra</italic>, 3 en <italic>Hemerobius</italic>, entre 3 y 5 en <italic>Wesmaelius</italic> [3 (muy ocasionalmente 4) en <italic>W</italic>. (<italic>Kimminsia</italic>) y 4 (a veces 5) en <italic>W</italic>. (<italic>Wesmaelius</italic>)], 6-7 en <italic>Megalomus</italic> y 10 o m&#225;s en <italic>Drepanepteryx</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Figs. 14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">40-54</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">88-99</xref>). Venillas transversales (gradiformes) generalmente en dos hileras obl&#237;cuas (en <italic>Psectra</italic> 1, en <italic>Drepanepteryx</italic> 3), en n&#250;mero variable seg&#250;n los g&#233;neros (incluso dentro de la misma especie). Venas Sc y R no fusionadas en sus extremos.
 En las alas anteriores el campo costal es de extensi&#243;n variable, normalmente con venillas bifurcadas y en la mayor&#237;a de los
 g&#233;neros la vena humeral es recurrente y encierra la llamada ventana oval (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Figs. 14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">32</xref>). En otros g&#233;neros (<italic>Micromus, Psectra</italic>) la venilla humeral es similar a las restantes venas transversales del campo costal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">31</xref>). Portan un desarrollado l&#243;bulo yugal en la regi&#243;n anal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Fig. 14</xref>), aunque en el vuelo las alas no se encuentran acopladas. En las alas posteriores este campo costal est&#225; menos desarrollado
 y posee venillas no bifurcadas, normalmente poseen un &#250;nico Sector del Radio, y SR y R no coalescentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Figs. 14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">40-54</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">88-99</xref>), sus venillas transversales son mucho menos frecuentes, y generalmente portan fr&#233;nulo desarrollado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Fig. 14</xref>). A veces (<italic>Psectra</italic>) est&#225;n reducidas o son pr&#225;cticamente inexistentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">99</xref>), indistintamente en machos o en hembras y/o las anteriores est&#225;n m&#225;s quitinizadas. Las patas son marchadoras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1-10</xref>), las anteriores suelen ser algo m&#225;s pilosas, las coxas son libres, los f&#233;mures son cil&#237;ndricos, y las tibias est&#225;n comprimidas
 lateralmente y ensanchadas en su zona media, las patas posteriores son m&#225;s largas, y suelen portar alguna patente espina terminal.
 Tarsos de 5 segmentos, m&#225;s largo el basal, tambi&#233;n portando peque&#241;as espinas terminales, que utilizan para la locomoci&#243;n y
 el aseo, y finaliza en dos u&#241;as tarsales curvas y simples y con empodio presente.
</p>
			<fig id="F0003">
				<label>Fig. 14</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Terminolog&#237;a alar de <italic>Hemerobius humulinus</italic>, adaptada de Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>). A: anal; C: costal; Cua: cubital anterior; Cup: cubital posterior; fr: fr&#233;nulo; gre: gradadas externas; gri: gradadas internas;
 lj: l&#243;bulo yugal; M: mediana; pt: pterostigma; R: radio; Sc: subcostal; SR: sector del radio; vr: vena recurrente; I, II,
 III: sectores del radio.</p>
					<p>Wing terminology of <italic>Hemerobius humulinus,</italic> adapted from Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>). A: anal; C: costal; Cua: anterior cubital; Cup: posterior cubital; fr: frenulum; gre: outer gradate; gri: inner gradate;
 lj: jugal lobe; M: median; pt: pterostigma; R: radius; Sc: subcostal; SR: radial sector; vr: recurrent veinlet; I, II, III:
 radial sectors.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g003.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="F0004">
				<label>Fig. 15</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Terminolog&#237;a alar de <italic>Psectra diptera</italic> (ejemplar braquiptero), adaptada de Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>). A: anal; C: costal; Cua: cubital anterior; Cup: cubital posterior; Ma: mediana anterior; Mp: mediana posterior; R: radio;
 Sc: subcostal; SR: sector del radio.</p>
					<p>Wing terminology of <italic>Psectra diptera</italic> (brachypterous specimen), adapted from Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>). A: anal; C: costal; Cua: anterior cubital; Cup: posterior cubital; Ma: anterior median; Mp: posterior median; R: radius;
 Sc: subcostal; SR: radial sector.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g004.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>El abdomen est&#225; formado por diez segmentos claramente separados, con tergos y esternos bien diferenciados y amplias &#225;reas
 pleurales, 8 pares de estigmas en los 8 primeros segmentos y de mayor di&#225;metro el m&#225;s pr&#243;ximo al t&#243;rax, y los segmentos distales
 est&#225;n sexualmente especializados, con callo cercal y tricobotrias presentes y estructuras genitales externas e internas bien
 desarrolladas en los &#9794;&#9794;, con elementos caracter&#237;sticos que se exponen en cada g&#233;nero (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Figs. 55</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">77</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">100</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0019">117</xref>), y frecuentemente estructuras subgenitales y siempre ausencia de ovopositor en las &#9792;&#9792; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">Figs. 78-87</xref>). Al margen de la terminalia y genitalia, ocasionalmente se ha descrito dimorfismo sexual en la morfolog&#237;a antenal, ocular,
 elementos de la c&#225;psula cef&#225;lica, tama&#241;o y venaci&#243;n alar, etc. (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0556">1988a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0559">1989</xref>; Makarkin &#38; Kholin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0339">1995</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Sobre sus estadios juveniles, y a pesar de su inter&#233;s en el terreno de la Entomolog&#237;a Aplicada, sus fases larvarias han despertado
 menor atenci&#243;n que en otras familias, especialmente Chrysopidae, y solo existen datos para 9 de los cerca de 30 g&#233;neros conocidos
 (Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>; Oswald &#38; Tauber, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0591">2001</xref>). Aunque hablaremos de ellas en el apartado sobre la biolog&#237;a en esta familia, adelantemos en esta introducci&#243;n que las larvas
 son depredadoras de huevos y larvas de insectos y de peque&#241;os artr&#243;podos como &#225;caros, ara&#241;as, insectos fit&#243;fagos de tegumento
 blando, etc., y son de tipo campodeiforme, de vida libre sobre la vegetaci&#243;n, a veces ed&#225;fica o cortic&#237;cola (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 12</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">28</xref>). Tras tres estadios, la fase larvaria madura que se dispone a pupar, tras tejer el capullo, adopta una posici&#243;n quiescente
 y curvada en fase de prepupa antes de transformarse en pupa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">Fig. 28</xref>). La pupa es activa, dectica y exarada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0009">Fig. 30</xref>). En el siguiente apartado anotamos m&#225;s detallados datos (m&#225;s informaci&#243;n general o curiosa en: Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0549">1968b</xref>; Samson &#38; Blood, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0643">1980</xref>; Mansell, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0343">1986</xref>; Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0155">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>; Tauber &#38; Krakauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0685">1997</xref>; Oswald &#38; Tauber, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0591">2001</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Su historial paleontol&#243;gico no es extenso, y es relativamente reciente, aunque familias probablemente cercanas (&#8224;Palaemerobiidae,
 &#8224;Sialidopseidae, &#8224;Permegalomidae) del P&#233;rmico Superior representar&#237;an unos de los registros m&#225;s antiguos asignables a Neuroptera
 (14 familias f&#243;siles frente a 19 familias actuales, citaba Schl&#252;ter, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0646">1986</xref>). Los registros m&#225;s antiguos asignables a la familia que nos ocupa corresponden a &#8224;<italic>Promegalomus anomalus</italic> del Jur&#225;sico superior de Kazakst&#225;n y &#8224;<italic>Mesohemerobius jeholensis</italic> del Cret&#225;cico inferior de China (hoy dudosamente asignado a esta familia), &#8224;<italic>Purbemerobius medialis</italic> del Cret&#225;cico inferior ingl&#233;s (tentativamente asignado a esta familia), y &#8224;<italic>Cretomerobius disjunctus</italic> del Cret&#225;cico de Mongolia, y otros taxa del Cret&#225;cico inferior brasile&#241;o, pero son escasos los registros durante el Mesozoico.
 Por el contrario, en el Terciario parecen m&#225;s abundantes, con registros de imagos y larvas en el &#225;mbar b&#225;ltico del Eoceno
 (&#8224;<italic>Prolachlanius resinatus,</italic> &#8224;<italic>Prospadobius moestus,</italic> &#8224;<italic>Prophlebonema resinata,</italic> &#8224;<italic>Sympherobius completus</italic>) (&#8224;<italic>Hemerobites antiquus</italic>, inicialmente asignado a esta familia, ha sido transferido al orden Isoptera), as&#237; como del Oligoceno-Eoceno ingl&#233;s, dan&#233;s
 y norteamericano de la Columbia Brit&#225;nica y del Mioceno dominicano y del C&#225;ucaso (&#8224;<italic>Notiobiella thaumasta,</italic> &#8224;<italic>Bothromicromus lachlani</italic>, &#8224;<italic>Cretomerobius wehri</italic>, &#8224;<italic>Drepanepteryx oedobia</italic>, &#8224;<italic>D. ramosa</italic>, &#8224;<italic>Hemerobius incertus</italic>, &#8224;<italic>H. prohumulinus</italic>, &#8224;<italic>H. tinctus,</italic> &#8224;<italic>Megalomus caucasicus</italic>, &#8224;<italic>M. maculosus</italic>, &#8224;<italic>M. densistriatus</italic>, &#8224;<italic>M. sikhotensis</italic>, &#8224;<italic>Wesmaelius mathewesi</italic>, etc.), as&#237; como otros taxa de posici&#243;n m&#225;s incierta. M&#225;s informaci&#243;n sobre este particular en Hagen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0182">1856</xref>), Scudder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0650">1878</xref>), Brauer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1886</xref>), Handlirsch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0191">1906-1908</xref>), Henriksen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0196">1922</xref>), Kr&#252;ger (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0282">1922</xref>), Ping (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0613">1928</xref>), Martynova (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0353">1952</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0354">1961</xref>), MacLeod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0324">1970</xref>), Larsson (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0296">1978</xref>), Jarzembowski (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0215">1980</xref>), Panfilov (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0592">1980</xref>), Panfilov (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0592">1980</xref>), Schl&#252;ter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0646">1986</xref>), Oswald (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0579">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0583">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0585">1999</xref>), Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0014">1991</xref>), Makarkin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0331">1991a</xref>), Carpenter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0078">1992</xref>), Ponomarenko (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0615">1992</xref>), Ren &#38; Hong (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0630">1994</xref>), Rumbucher (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0641">1995</xref>), Weitschat &#38; Wichard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0723">1998</xref>), Oswald (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0585">1999</xref>), Grimaldi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0173">2000</xref>), Grimaldi <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0175">2002</xref>), Makarkin <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0338">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0342">2012</xref>), Grimaldi &#38; Engel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0174">2005</xref>), Engel &#38; Grimaldi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0120">2008</xref>), Jepson &#38; Penney (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0217">2007</xref>), Makarkin &#38; Wedmann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0341">2009</xref>), Jepson <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0218">2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0216">2012</xref>), etc.
</p>
			<p>La familia tiene una distribuci&#243;n cosmopolita (salvo la Ant&#225;rtida) y es especialmente abundante en medios tropicales, subtropicales
 y templados, evitando en general medios m&#225;s adversos, aunque son numerosas las especies adaptadas a medios subdes&#233;rticos
 y x&#233;ricos m&#225;s extremos, as&#237; como a zonas boreales m&#225;s fr&#237;as y/o de alta monta&#241;a (hasta los 4000 m) que han generado numerosos
 endemismos y distribuciones relictas y fragmentadas (Klingstedt, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0277">1931</xref>; Carpenter, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0075">1938</xref>; Kaisila, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0219">1952</xref>; Schedl, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0645">1970</xref>; Greve, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0170">1984</xref>; Kevan &#38; Klimaszewski, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0221">1986</xref>; Popov, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0620">2002b</xref>). Tambi&#233;n, y como no, posee representantes en la fauna europea de especies invasoras de otros continentes. Ejemplos de todo
 ello tenemos en nuestra fauna, seg&#250;n indicaremos en cada caso.
</p>
			<p>
				<bold>Datos generales sobre su biolog&#237;a, comportamiento, estadios juveniles y ciclos biol&#243;gicos</bold>
			</p>
			<p>Los hemer&#243;bidos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs 1-12</xref>) son insectos a veces muy abundantes (Dunn, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0116">1954</xref>), pero poco frecuentes, que suelen pasar desapercibidos en la Naturaleza, al tratarse de un grupo de peque&#241;o tama&#241;o, generalmente
 poco llamativos, y frecuentemente con escasa capacidad de vuelo (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0547">1967b</xref>). En condiciones naturales &#243;ptimas, a veces parecen presentar cierta capacidad de agregaci&#243;n, concentr&#225;ndose numerosos ejemplares
 en muy peque&#241;o espacio, aunque normalmente son m&#225;s escasos y sus poblaciones est&#225;n m&#225;s dispersas.
</p>
			<p>Sobre su biolog&#237;a anotemos que los imagos son, mayoritariamente, insectos de actividad crepuscular/nocturna, iniciando su
 actividad de vuelo entre las 18-20 h, finalizando al amanecer, con m&#225;xima actividad entre las 22-23 h, aunque no permanecen
 inactivos durante las horas del d&#237;a, curiosamente aumentan su actividad antes de una tormenta (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; Banks, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0034">1952</xref>; &#193;brah&#225;m &#38; Vas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0003">1999</xref>; Vas <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0712">1999</xref>; Szentkir&#225;lyi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0679">2001a</xref>; &#193;brah&#225;m &#38; M&#233;sz&#225;ros, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0002">2006</xref>), pero algunos g&#233;neros (<italic>Psectra</italic>) presentan marcada actividad diurna (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0545">1966</xref>). Con tiempo fr&#237;o reducen notablemente su actividad. Se mueven mucho por la vegetaci&#243;n, pero vuelan poco y generalmente en
 cortos trayectos, y son marcadamente sedentarios en las especies con reducci&#243;n alar (<italic>Psectra, Conchopterella, Nusalala</italic>, etc.). Tanto machos como hembras son atra&#237;dos por fuentes de luz artificial (Williams &#38; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0727">1935</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; Andersen &#38; Greve, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0008">1975</xref>; Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0758">1984</xref>; Hon&#283;k &#38; Kocourek, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0209">1986</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0559">1989</xref>; G&#252;nther, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0177">1991</xref>; Greve &#38; Kobro, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0171">1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0172">2009</xref>; Szentkir&#225;lyi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0677">1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0678">1997</xref>; &#193;brah&#225;m <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0001">2003</xref>; Reichholf, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0628">2005a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0629">2005b</xref>; Penny <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0602">2007</xref>, etc.), y algunos g&#233;neros como <italic>Micromus</italic> o <italic>Megalomus</italic> se han recolectado mayoritariamente con este medio. Con frecuencia han sido citados como transportados por el viento, incluso
 a largas distancias y/o elevaciones, y algunos estudios han demostrado una sorprendente capacidad de dispersi&#243;n, con capturas
 hasta a 200 m sobre el nivel del suelo, e incluso mar adentro (Greve, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0168">1969</xref>; Hardy &#38; Cheng, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0193">1986</xref>; Sugg <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0674">1994</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0438">1999</xref>; Szentkir&#225;lyi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0679">2001a</xref>; Chapman <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0080">2004</xref>), y c&#243;mo no, trasladados por los medios de transporte humanos (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0419">1996a</xref>) (ver m&#225;s adelante <italic>Hemerobius bolivari</italic>).
</p>
			<p>La coloraci&#243;n disruptiva, cr&#237;ptica o marcadamente mim&#233;tica de sus alas, a veces imitando hojas (Morton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0451">1910</xref>; Fa&#250;ndez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0136">2005</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1-11</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">91-99</xref>), les sirve de defensa pasiva en las zonas bien de umbr&#237;a, bien agostadas o bien arenosas donde habitualmente se encuentran,
 y como hemos indicado, en algunos g&#233;neros (<italic>Notiobiella, Annandalia</italic>) las alas est&#225;n capacitadas para aplicarse sobre el sustrato, evitando sombras y haci&#233;ndolos menos visibles a los depredadores,
 y estos mecanismos de defensa est&#225;n asociados a particulares comportamientos de defensa activos ante situaciones de peligro
 muy extendidos en esta familia, al plegar las alas, recoger entre ellas cabeza, antenas y patas, dejarse caer al sustrato,
 y adoptar por un tiempo un comportamiento de tanatosis y as&#237; disuadir o mitigar el inter&#233;s del potencial depredador (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0555">1986</xref>). Ocasionalmente se ha citado mimetismo con especies de otros &#243;rdenes de insectos (ej.: <italic>Drepanepteryx phalaenoides</italic> con <italic>Drepana</italic>
				<italic>lacertinaria</italic> Linnaeus, 1758, Lepidoptera: Drepanidae) (Morton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0451">1910</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Aunque se ha demostrado la ingesta de n&#233;ctar y polen, los imagos de Hemerobiidae son depredadores generalistas de peque&#241;os
 artr&#243;podos fit&#243;fagos de movimientos lentos y tegumento blando, especialmente hom&#243;pteros: &#225;fidos, aleir&#243;didos y c&#243;ccidos, tambi&#233;n
 j&#225;sidos, ps&#237;llidos, trips, psoc&#243;pteros, ara&#241;as, &#225;caros, larvas de otros insectos (ocasionalmente se han hallado escamas de
 mariposas en su tubo digestivo), etc. (Cole, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0082">1925</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0083">1933</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; Stelzl, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0665">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0666">1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0667">1992</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>), en proporci&#243;n a su morfolog&#237;a, estadio y tama&#241;o. Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0070">2001</xref>: 122 aporta una recopilaci&#243;n de las presas citadas, y New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0550">1975a</xref>, 1976b, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0554">1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0555">1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0558">1988c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0561">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0562">2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0563">2002</xref>; Neuenschwander <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0544">1975</xref>; Neuenschwander &#38; Hagen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0543">1980</xref>; Szab&#243; &#38; Szentkir&#225;lyi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0676">1981</xref>; Duelli, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">2001</xref>; Horne <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0210">2001</xref>; Stelzl &#38; Devetak, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0668">1999</xref>; Szentkir&#225;lyi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0679">2001a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0680">2001b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0681">2001c</xref>; Pantaleoni, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0595">2001</xref>; Senior &#38; McEwen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0653">2001</xref>; Pantaleoni &#38; Alma, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0597">2001</xref>; McEwen <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0356">2001</xref>; Lara &#38; Perioto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0295">2003</xref>; Miller <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0377">2004</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>; Devetak, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0102">2014</xref>, entre otros muchos, comentan su inter&#233;s aplicado en cultivos e intereses humanos, y por ello son excelentes aliados de nuestros
 intereses contra estos da&#241;inos insectos, y de hecho, algunas especies ex&#243;ticas se han introducido en numerosos pa&#237;ses para
 su utilizaci&#243;n como agentes de control de determinadas plagas (ejs. <italic>Micromus timidus</italic> en Haw&#225;i o <italic>Sympherobius gayi</italic> en Nigeria), y por ello son motivo de multitud de art&#237;culos de Entomolog&#237;a Aplicada, y aunque citaremos algunos que nos competen,
 escapan a la intenci&#243;n de esta contribuci&#243;n.
</p>
			<p>Durante la alimentaci&#243;n suelen ayudarse con las patas anteriores para sujetar mejor a sus presas mientras la devoran, y el
 aseo de antenas, piezas y palpos bucales y patas anteriores es obligado tras cada ingesta (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>). Sin duda la mayor o menor longitud de sus piezas bucales est&#225; en funci&#243;n del tama&#241;o y la capacidad de moci&#243;n de sus presas
 (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0555">1986</xref>). La localizaci&#243;n de sus presas a trav&#233;s de sus kairomonas y feromonas ha sido frecuentemente registrada, y sobre ellas pueden
 llegar a ser extremadamente voraces (Withycombe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>; Dunn, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0116">1954</xref>; Miermont, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0370">1973</xref>; Miermont &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0371">1975</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0554">1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0558">1988c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0559">1989</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0562">2001</xref>; Dey &#38; Bhattacharya, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0103">1997</xref>; Mendel <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0368">1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0369">2004</xref>; Nelson <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0540">2001</xref>; Szentkir&#225;lyi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0679">2001a</xref>; Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>; Branco <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0055">2006a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0056">2006b</xref>, etc.), habi&#233;ndose registrado, por citar algunos ejemplos, imagos de <italic>Hemerobius pacificus</italic> devorando 25 pulgones diarios o en <italic>H. stigma,</italic> consumos de 13.000-17.000 (huevos y ninfas) de ad&#233;lgidos a lo largo de sus dos meses de vida (Laidlaw, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0292">1936</xref>), de 5-15 c&#243;ccidos diarios en <italic>Sympherobius maculipennis,</italic> o de 10 pulgones al d&#237;a en <italic>Micromus posticus</italic> (Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0070">2001</xref>), con una media de 70-75 pulgones consumidos a lo largo de su vida larvaria (Withycombe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>; Dunn, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0116">1954</xref>), o 315 &#225;fidos durante sus nueve semanas de vida (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>), y Neuenschwander <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0544">1975</xref>) y Neuenschwander &#38; Hagen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0543">1980</xref>) aportan interesantes datos sobre este particular en <italic>H. pacificus</italic>. Se calcula que la descendencia de una pareja de hemer&#243;bidos puede consumir 4 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> &#225;fidos en un a&#241;o (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0558">1988c</xref>).
</p>
			<p>En ocasiones (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 2, 4</xref>) han sido observados sobre flores (Knuth, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0278">1909</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; Bugg, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1987</xref>) y muchas especies parecen ser m&#225;s omn&#237;voras, pues ingieren polen y n&#233;ctar, o se han hallado levaduras, hifas y esporas de
 hongos en su tubo digestivo, que complementan su dieta o la sustituyen en ausencia de presas (Stelzl &#38; Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0669">1987</xref>; Stelzl, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0665">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0666">1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0667">1992</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0419">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0421">1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0423">2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>; Robinson <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0634">2008</xref>), y se han hallado restos de d&#237;pteros o escamas de mariposas, hechos que no parecen casuales (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0421">1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0423">2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0070">2001</xref>). No existe canibalismo, pero en ocasiones las &#9792;&#9792; en cautividad, particularmente si son v&#237;rgenes, devoran sus propios huevos
 reci&#233;n puestos (Miermont &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0371">1975</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0555">1986</xref>).
</p>
			<p>En ocasiones algunas de nuestras especies parecen ser verdaderamente estenot&#243;picas en relaci&#243;n al tipo de substrato vegetal
 elegido y, consecuentemente, a las potenciales presas que se hallan sobre &#233;l (<italic>Hemerobius nitidulus, H. micans, H. contumax, H. pini, H. stigma, Micromus angulatus, Sympherobius fuscescens</italic>, <italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus</italic>, <italic>W. ravus, W. helveticus,</italic> etc.) (Stroyan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0671">1949</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>), hecho que limita su distribuci&#243;n, y muestran una marcada especificidad en sus presas (estenofagia), hecho que, entre otros
 elementos ambientales, les genera indirectamente una marcada especificidad en el tipo de medio y plantas substrato sobre el
 que los hallamos, sean con&#237;feras, planifolios, vegetaci&#243;n herb&#225;cea, etc. Otras especies, por el contrario, son m&#225;s eurit&#243;picas,
 dentro de una amplia gama de plantas, si bien particulares de determinados ambientes o h&#225;bitats (<italic>Hemerobius humulinus, H. gilvus, H. lutescens, Sympherobius elegans, S. pygmaeus, Wesmaelius malladai,</italic> etc.), mientras que otras son declaradamente generalistas (<italic>Wesmaelius subnebulosus</italic>) (Carpenter, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">1940</xref>; Nakahara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0464">1954</xref>; Yang, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0741">1980a</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0554">1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0555">1986</xref>; Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>). Se ha demostrado una estratificaci&#243;n de las diferentes especies en funci&#243;n de la altura del dosel arb&#243;reo/vegetal (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0547">1967b</xref>; Nielsen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0566">1977</xref>; Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0758">1984</xref>; Hollier &#38; Belshaw, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0199">1993</xref>; Szir&#225;ki, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0683">1996</xref>; Szentkir&#225;lyi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0679">2001a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0680">2001b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0681">2001c</xref>; Duelli <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0114">2002</xref>, etc.).
</p>
			<p>Curiosamente, en la bibliograf&#237;a general, e incluso en relaci&#243;n a la fauna europea en particular, no existen muchos datos
 sobre el comportamiento de los individuos durante el cortejo y la c&#243;pula (Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>). Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0224">1931</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>) describe el de <italic>Sympherobius fuscescens</italic>, en el que los machos en presencia de hembras receptivas agitan las antenas y extienden parcialmente las alas sobre la horizontal.
 Se han detectado &#243;rganos sensoriales de captaci&#243;n de vibraciones (rango de frecuencia de 300-2.000 Hz) en las tibias (Devetak, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0101">1998</xref>), por lo que la comunicaci&#243;n ac&#250;stica debe realizar una importante misi&#243;n. Riek (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0632">1967</xref>) cita estructuras alares y abdominales en esta familia con posibles funciones estridulatorias, y tambi&#233;n la emisi&#243;n de feromonas
 (Szentkir&#225;lyi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0679">2001a</xref>) interviene en el proceso de contribuir a la localizaci&#243;n y comunicaci&#243;n de los ejemplares. Tras unos segundos de tocamientos
 de las antenas, el macho gira y se coloca paralelo a la hembra acercando su extremo abdominal al suyo, produci&#233;ndose la c&#243;pula
 (Yadav <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0738">2009</xref>). El macho acaba en posici&#243;n opuesta, pudiendo ser arrastrado por la hembra en su desplazamiento. En este g&#233;nero (<italic>Sympherobius</italic>) se ha detectado un peque&#241;o espermat&#243;foro blanco que la hembra devora poco despu&#233;s de la c&#243;pula (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0224">1931</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>), pero este acto (curvar el abdomen, sujetarlo con las patas y acercar la boca al orificio genital) ha sido observado en
 otros g&#233;neros (Carpenter, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">1940</xref>; Tjeder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0705">1963a</xref>), con lo que se deduce la existencia generalizada de espermat&#243;foro. Ocasionalmente se ha observado m&#225;s de una c&#243;pula a lo
 largo de la vida de las hembras (Miermont &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0371">1975</xref>).
</p>
			<p>La longevidad de los imagos est&#225; condicionada por factores ambientales (fotoperiodo, humedad relativa, temperatura, cantidad
 de alimento, etc.) y si las condiciones son favorables es proporcionalmente elevada para insectos de este tama&#241;o, pudiendo
 alcanzar varios meses de vida (Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>), no existiendo apreciables diferencias entre los &#9794;&#9794; y las &#9792;&#9792;, aunque Carpenter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">1940</xref>) o Laffranque &#38; Canard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0291">1975</xref>) citan a las &#9792;&#9792; m&#225;s longevas y, consecuentemente, m&#225;s abundantes en las capturas (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0547">1967b</xref>). Otros datos son opuestos, y as&#237; Banks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0034">1952</xref>) anota mayor n&#250;mero de machos que de hembras en capturas seriadas mediante trampas de succi&#243;n (quiz&#225;s por tener una mayor
 actividad), y Miller &#38; Cave, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0373">1987</xref> anotan una mayor longevidad en machos (45-100 d&#237;as) frente a las hembras (25-86 d&#237;as) de <italic>Micromus posticus</italic>. Por citar otros ejemplos, hay datos de hasta 147 d&#237;as de vida (media 72 d&#237;as) en <italic>Hemerobius pacificus</italic> a 19,3 &#176;C, de entre 55-93 d&#237;as a 25 &#176;C en <italic>Nusalala uruguaya</italic>, de 90-175 d&#237;as a 20 &#176;C en <italic>Micromus angulatus</italic>, o de hasta 48-53 d&#237;as a 20 &#176;C y de 13 d&#237;as a 25 &#176;C en <italic>Wesmaelius subnebulosus</italic> (Neuenschwander, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0541">1975</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0542">1976</xref>; Laffranque &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0291">1975</xref>; Souza, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0672">1988</xref>; Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>). Por citar otros ejemplos, Rivnay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0633">1943</xref>) anota diferentes longevidades de hasta 40 d&#237;as en <italic>Sympherobius</italic> en funci&#243;n de diferentes condiciones ambientales, New (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0545">1966</xref>) anota hasta 82 d&#237;as de vida en &#9792;&#9792; de <italic>Psectra diptera</italic>, y New (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0554">1984</xref>) aporta interesantes datos en especies australianas con longevidades de 16-34, 17-32, 25-58 y 19-43 d&#237;as a 25 &#176;C, tambi&#233;n
 Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0734">1922b</xref>) anota longevidades en alguna de nuestras especies, de 8 semanas para <italic>H. stigma</italic> y de dos meses para <italic>S. pygmaeus</italic>, y Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>) de 8-9 semanas en <italic>M. hirtus</italic> y <italic>S. fuscescens</italic>, Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>) cita 14-22 d&#237;as para <italic>Hemerobius bolivari,</italic> 20 d&#237;as para <italic>H. chilensis,</italic> 28-41 d&#237;as para <italic>Gayomyia falcata</italic> y 10-42 d&#237;as para <italic>Sympherobius gayi</italic> (y 25 d&#237;as hemos observado y ahora citamos en hembras de <italic>Sympherobius fallax</italic>), y Sato &#38; Takada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0644">2004</xref>) ofrecen diferencias en los tiempos de desarrollo y longevidad de imagos (hasta 55 d&#237;as) en funci&#243;n de la temperatura de
 tres especies del g&#233;nero <italic>Micromus</italic>, y otros datos son aportados por Miermont (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0370">1973</xref>), Miermont &#38; Canard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0371">1975</xref>), Neuenschwander <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0544">1975</xref>), New (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0552">1975c</xref>), Yadav <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0737">2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0738">2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0739">2010</xref>) para otras especies.
</p>
			<p>Los imagos neonatos requieren de unos d&#237;as para que sus g&#243;nadas maduren antes de iniciar su fase reproductora (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0554">1984</xref>; Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>). La trasferencia de esperma merced al espermat&#243;foro ha sido escasamente observada, aunque s&#237; demostrada, y es conocido que
 la hembra lo devora pocos d&#237;as despu&#233;s de la c&#243;pula (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0224">1931</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Tras la c&#243;pula, la puesta de huevos comienza, en condiciones experimentales, desde pocas horas a varios d&#237;as, pudi&#233;ndose prolongar
 durante unos pocos d&#237;as a semanas, incluso meses. Los sustratos elegidos, a veces muy selectivos, suelen ser el env&#233;s y m&#225;rgenes
 de las hojas (as&#237; lo hemos observado y ahora citamos en <italic>Sympherobius fallax</italic>), cortezas, base de las ac&#237;culas, etc., a veces pr&#243;ximos a las colonias de futuras potenciales presas, bien aislados (generalmente
 adheridos al sustrato sobre su superficie longitudinal) o en peque&#241;os grupos (generalmente adheridos al sustrato merced a
 secreciones de las gl&#225;ndulas de cemento y quedan fijados sobre su polo dorsal, nunca el micropilar, que es el &#250;ltimo en salir
 de las v&#237;as genitales femeninas) (Cutright, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0096">1923</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; Fulmek, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0144">1941</xref>; De Montmollin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0100">1978</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>; Vidya <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0716">2008</xref>). A veces las hembras son muy selectivas a la hora de depositar sus huevos (Miermont &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0371">1975</xref> citan de 138 a 983 huevos puestos seg&#250;n diferentes sustratos ofrecidos a hembras de <italic>Micromus angulatus,</italic> y De Montmollin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0100">1978</xref> ofrece interesantes datos al respecto en <italic>Wesmaelius subnebulosus</italic>). Duelli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0112">1986</xref>) sugiere en <italic>Micromus variegatus</italic> indicios de huevos pedunculados como los que hallamos en Chrysopidae, Berothidae, Mantispidae, etc., como mecanismos de defensa
 ante la predaci&#243;n, hecho que nos parece meramente accidental.
</p>
			<p>Los huevos son fusiformes, el&#237;pticos o levemente arri&#241;onados, algo m&#225;s del doble de largos (seg&#250;n g&#233;neros europeos de 0,42-1,00
 mm) que de di&#225;metro, de extremos redondeados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">Fig. 16</xref>), de color crema o amarillo p&#225;lido, a veces rosados, verdosos o blancos muy p&#225;lidos (as&#237; lo hemos observado y ahora citamos
 en <italic>Sympherobius fallax</italic>), color que va cambiando conforme el desarrollo embrionario progresa, apareciendo las bandas metam&#233;ricas pardas y los estemas
 m&#225;s oscuros, y el progresivo oscurecimiento del huevo los hace menos conspicuos. En algunos g&#233;neros (<italic>Hemerobius</italic>) resisten el fr&#237;o o hibernan en esta fase (Garland, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0146">1978</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0147">1980</xref>; Kevan &#38; Klimaszewski, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0222">1987</xref>). Poseen micropilo aparente, a veces blanco muy llamativo, y poseen frecuentes esculturas sobre el corion y dispersos aeropilos
 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">Figs. 16, 17</xref>) (Smith, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0657">1923</xref>; Withycombe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>; Carpenter, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">1940</xref>; Miller &#38; Lambdin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0374">1982</xref>; New &#38; Boros, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0565">1983</xref>; Miller &#38; Cave, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0373">1987</xref>; Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0155">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>; Oswald &#38; Tauber, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0591">2001</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0430">2008b</xref>), que le dan al huevo, incluso a simple vista, un aspecto aterciopelado.
</p>
			<fig id="F0005">
				<label>Figs. 16-18</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Aspectos del huevo de <italic>Wesmaelius navasi</italic>. 16: huevo; 17: aspecto del corion; 18: ovirruptor, seg&#250;n Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>).</p>
					<p>Aspects of <italic>Wesmaelius navasi</italic> egg. 16: egg; 17: aspect of chorion; 18: egg burster, from Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>).</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g005.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>En condiciones experimentales se han citado en diferentes especies puestas de entre 6-41 huevos diarios y puestas de 1-25,
 30-40, 53-379, 154, 206, 252, 280, 298-1484, 457, 460, 500, 619, 898, 1045, 1450, 1500-2300 y 2554 huevos por hembra (Williams, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0726">1927</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; Laidlaw, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0292">1936</xref>; Rivnay, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0633">1943</xref>; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0068">1975</xref>; Laffranque &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0291">1975</xref>; Miermont &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0371">1975</xref>; Neuenschwander, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0541">1975</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0542">1976</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0554">1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0558">1988c</xref>; Miller &#38; Cave, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0373">1987</xref>; Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>), y l&#243;gicamente la fertilidad no solo depende de las condiciones ambientales, sino de su alimentaci&#243;n y del propio tama&#241;o de las hembras (Attia &#38; El Arnaouty, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0027">2008</xref>; Yadav <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0739">2010</xref>). Generalmente la puesta se efect&#250;a a lo largo de varios d&#237;as, habitualmente en dos fases separadas por un periodo de descanso (Miermont &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0371">1975</xref> citan periodos de puesta de 16-20 d&#237;as en <italic>Micromus angulatus</italic>, Miller &#38; Cave, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0373">1987</xref> citan 21-79 d&#237;as para <italic>Micromus posticus</italic> con puestas de hasta 58 huevos diarios, Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref> cita puestas de 19, 36 y 5 huevos a lo largo de 14 d&#237;as en <italic>Hemerobius bolivari,</italic> de 6 y 3 huevos en 6 d&#237;as en <italic>Nomerobius cuspidatus,</italic> y de entre 5-28 huevos en <italic>Sympherobius gayi</italic>), aunque especies de m&#225;s amplia fenolog&#237;a (ej. <italic>H. stigma</italic>) mantienen huevos f&#233;rtiles por mucho m&#225;s tiempo (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>). En algunos g&#233;neros (<italic>Psectra</italic>) se ha observado oofagia (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0545">1966</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0555">1986</xref>).
</p>
			<p>L&#243;gicamente el tiempo de desarrollo del huevo var&#237;a en funci&#243;n de la temperatura, oscilando entre 3,5 y 25 d&#237;as (Cutright, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0096">1923</xref>; Smith, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0657">1923</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; Rivnay, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0633">1943</xref>; Dunn, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0116">1954</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0545">1966</xref>; Miermont &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0371">1975</xref>; Syrett &#38; Penman, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0675">1981</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>; Miller &#38; Cave, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0373">1987</xref>; Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>), y 6 d&#237;as hemos observado y ahora citamos en <italic>Sympherobius fallax</italic>. Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0226">1932b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0227">1932c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>) anota los tiempos de desarrollo embrionario en diferentes especies brit&#225;nicas, y Sato &#38; Takada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0644">2004</xref>) en varias especies japonesas del g&#233;nero <italic>Micromus</italic>. La ruptura del huevo es mediante una incisi&#243;n en Y longitudinal y se realiza merced al concurso de un ovirruptor embrional aserrado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">Fig. 18</xref>) (Smith, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0656">1922</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0657">1923</xref>; Withycombe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>; Frankenberg, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0138">1937</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0552">1975c</xref>; New &#38; Boros, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0565">1983</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>) que queda adherido al tegumento (cl&#237;peo-labro) embrionario y al corion abandonado. El proceso del nacimiento es detalladamente descrito por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Las larvas neonatas permanecen unas horas sobre/junto al huevo antes de iniciar su actividad, y presentan tres estadios de similares morfolog&#237;as, solo el primer estadio posee empodio en sus tarsos, y obviamente var&#237;an en tama&#241;o y quetotaxia seg&#250;n los g&#233;neros, y en general las mayores diferencias inter-espec&#237;ficas se manifiestan en larvas de tercer estadio. El proceso de la ecdisis es detalladamente descrito por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>). Las larvas son de tipo campodeiforme (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 12</xref>), generalmente alargadas, desnudas (que no se cubren con elementos for&#225;neos) y muy activas (B&#228;nsch, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0046">1964</xref>), especialmente en el primer estadio, y son depredadoras de peque&#241;os fit&#243;fagos, especialmente &#225;fidos, aleir&#243;didos y c&#243;ccidos, aunque otros muchos grupos han sido citados entre sus presas (ad&#233;lgidos, taumastoc&#243;ridos, filox&#233;ridos, etc.), siendo, tambi&#233;n en este estadio, excelentes aliados contra estos fit&#243;fagos (McEwen <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0356">2001</xref>), y a veces son muy selectivas (Kawashima, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0220">1958</xref>; Hussein, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0214">1985</xref>), elemento que contribuye a la especificidad de sustrato sobre los que a veces hallamos los imagos. Se desplazan ayud&#225;ndose (haciendo palanca) con el extremo del abdomen y mueven lateralmente la cabeza a uno y otro lado buscando sus presas. Atacan a sus presas sin aparentemente elegir una posici&#243;n determinada, y mientras la succionan dirigen los palpos hacia abajo y arquean las antenas hacia atr&#225;s (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>). A veces se ha observado canibalismo (Smith, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0657">1923</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0551">1975b</xref>). Pueden llegar a ser, tambi&#233;n en estas fases juveniles, extremadamente voraces, habi&#233;ndose citado, por ejemplo en <italic>H. stigma,</italic> consumos de 3.000 huevos y larvas de ad&#233;lgidos a lo largo de su desarrollo (Laidlaw, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0292">1936</xref>), 350 &#225;fidos para alcanzar la pupaci&#243;n en <italic>H. pacificus</italic> (Moznette, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0457">1915a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0458">1915b</xref>) o de 79 &#225;fidos en <italic>H. nitidulus</italic>, 69-88 en <italic>W. betulinus</italic>, o 75-96, 315 &#225;fidos en <italic>M. hirtus</italic> (Withycombe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>). Tambi&#233;n devoran otros artr&#243;podos depredadores, y por ejemplo Quayle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0624">1913</xref>) cita larvas de <italic>Hemerobius californicus</italic> devoradoras de 532/897 ara&#241;as durante sus 17/20 d&#237;as de desarrollo. Obviamente el n&#250;mero y tipo de presas consumidas va a estar condicionada por el tama&#241;o/sexo/longevidad del individuo (Miermont, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0370">1973</xref>; Laffranque, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0290">1973</xref>; Laffranque &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0291">1975</xref>; Attia &#38; El Arnaouty, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0027">2008</xref>), e influir&#225; en su potencial reproductor (Hussein, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0213">1984</xref>; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0070">2001</xref>). Se ha anotado una mortalidad en su desarrollo de hasta el 50% (Dunn, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0116">1954</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Presentan cabeza peque&#241;a y antenas relativamente largas formadas por tres segmentos, al igual que los palpos labiales (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 12</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">28</xref>), y tienen piezas bucales t&#237;picas de Neuropteroidea, Hemerobiiformia, con mand&#237;bulas curvas, levemente dentadas hacia el &#225;pice y de longitud variable seg&#250;n los g&#233;neros, y maxilas curvadas, no dentadas y con canal alimentario entre mand&#237;bulas-maxilas por donde succionan los l&#237;quidos de sus presas (Withycombe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; Gaumont, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0148">1976</xref>), y el palpo labial es trisegmentado de longitud variable. Poseen seis estematas (Paulus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0599">1986</xref>) y la quetotaxia cef&#225;lica es caracter&#237;stica de cada g&#233;nero, utiliz&#225;ndose en su diagnosis. Frecuentemente la cabeza se encuentra parcialmente embutida en la parte anterior del t&#243;rax, y el orificio bucal est&#225; clausurado por el tegumento. Las patas son marchadoras, con tarsos cortos acabados en un par de curvas u&#241;as y s&#243;lo en el primer estadio finalizan en un empodio en forma de embudo. El t&#243;rax es sencillo y el abdomen consta de diez segmentos, ambos sin especial ornamentaci&#243;n, setaci&#243;n, tub&#233;rculos, ni mayor especializaci&#243;n (que junto a la ausencia de empodios en 2&#176; y 3&#176; estadio suele distinguirlas, entre otros caracteres, de las a veces parecidas larvas de cris&#243;pidos, que tambi&#233;n poseen mand&#237;bulas-maxilas curvas), salvo los &#250;ltimos que van adelgaz&#225;ndose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 12</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">28</xref>) y frecuentemente se utilizan, a modo de palanca sobre el sustrato, para favorecer la locomoci&#243;n (as&#237; lo hemos observado y ahora citamos en <italic>Sympherobius fallax</italic>) y para segregar sustancias defensivas, que tambi&#233;n son utilizadas para fijar la larva por este extremo al sustrato durante la ecdisis (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>). El &#250;ltimo segmento posee dos peque&#241;as estructuras eversibles bilobuladas (Withycombe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>) que contribuyen a la locomoci&#243;n.
</p>
			<fig id="F0006">
				<label>Fig. 19</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Estadios juveniles de <italic>Hemerobius bolivari</italic>, seg&#250;n Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>): a: regi&#243;n anterior y posterior de la larva neonata, vista dorsal (ampliado extremo antenal), b: maxila, vista dorsal, c: mand&#237;bula, vista dorsal, d: regi&#243;n anterior y posterior de la larva madura, vista dorsal (ampliado extremo antenal, quetotaxia y porci&#243;n caudal), e: c&#225;psula cef&#225;lica, vista dorsal, f: mand&#237;bula, vista dorsal, g: maxila, vista dorsal. Escala en mm para todas las figuras.</p>
					<p>Juvenile stages of <italic>Hemerobius bolivari</italic>, from Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>): a: anterior and posterior regions of neonate larva, dorsal view (magnified antenal apex), b: maxilla, dorsal view, c: mandible, dorsal view, d: anterior and posterior regions of mature larva, dorsal view (magnified antenal apex, chaetotaxy and caudal portion), e: cephalic capsule, dorsal view, f: mandible, dorsal view, g: maxilla, dorsal view. Scale in mm for all figures.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g006.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="F0007">
				<label>Fig. 20</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Estadios juveniles de <italic>Sympherobius gayi</italic>, seg&#250;n Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>): a: regi&#243;n anterior y posterior de la larva neonata, vista dorsal (ampliado extremo antenal y algunas setas), b: maxila, vista dorsal, c: mand&#237;bula, vista dorsal, d: regi&#243;n anterior y posterior de la larva madura, vista dorsal (ampliado extremo antenal), e: maxila, vista dorsal, f: mand&#237;bula, vista dorsal. Escala en mm para todas las figuras.</p>
					<p>Juvenile stadies of <italic>Sympherobius gayi,</italic> from Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>): a: anterior and posterior regions of neonate larva, dorsal view (magnified antenal apex and some setae), b: maxilla, dorsal view, c: mandible, dorsal view, d: anterior and posterior regions of mature larva, dorsal view (magnified antenal apex), e: maxilla, dorsal view, f: mandible, dorsal view. Scale in mm for all figures.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g007.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="F0008">
				<label>Figs. 21-28</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Vista dorsal de larvas maduras de 21: <italic>Micromus paganus</italic>, 22: <italic>Micromus variegatus</italic>, 23: <italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus</italic>, 24: <italic>Megalomus fidelis</italic>, 25: <italic>Psectra diptera</italic>, 26: <italic>Drepanepteryx phalaenoides</italic>, 27: <italic>Hemerobius simulans</italic>, 28: <italic>Wesmaelius navasi</italic> (omitidas las patas). 21-23, seg&#250;n Veenstra <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0713">1990</xref>); 24, seg&#250;n MacLeod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0320">1960a</xref>); 25, seg&#250;n Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>); 26, seg&#250;n Morton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0451">1910</xref>); 27, seg&#250;n Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0226">1932b</xref>); 28, seg&#250;n Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>). A diferentes escalas.</p>
					<p>Third-instar larvae of 21: <italic>Micromus paganus</italic>, 22: <italic>Micromus variegatus</italic>, 23: <italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus</italic>, 24: <italic>Megalomus fidelis</italic>, 25: <italic>Psectra diptera</italic>, 26: <italic>Drepanepteryx phalaenoides</italic>, 27: <italic>Hemerobius simulans</italic>, 28: <italic>Wesmaelius navasi</italic> (legs omitted). 21-23 from Veenstra <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0713">1990</xref>); 24, from MacLeod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0320">1960a</xref>); 25, from Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>); 26, from Morton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0451">1910</xref>); 27, from Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0226">1932b</xref>); 28, from Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>). At different scales.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g008.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>El tiempo de desarrollo larvario oscila entre uno y dos meses, dependiendo de las condiciones ambientales y del alimento disponible, aunque desarrollos m&#225;s breves han sido citados (13 d&#237;as cita Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref> en el de <italic>W. navasi,</italic> y 10 d&#237;as hemos observado y ahora citamos en el de <italic>Sympherobius fallax</italic>). El primer estadio exige tiempos de 2-9 d&#237;as, el segundo de 1-14 d&#237;as, y el tercero, generalmente m&#225;s largo, de 2-19 d&#237;as (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>; Neuenschwander, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0541">1975</xref>; Miller &#38; Cave, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0373">1987</xref>; Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>). Por citar algunos ejemplos Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0226">1932b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0227">1932c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>) anota de 3-18 d&#237;as para pasar a 2&#176; estadio, 2-14 d&#237;as para pasar al 3&#176; y 4-19 d&#237;as para iniciar la pupaci&#243;n en diferentes especies brit&#225;nicas, Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>) anota la primera muda a los 4 d&#237;as y 32-35 d&#237;as en completar el desarrollo de <italic>Hemerobius bolivari</italic>, 4 d&#237;as y 12-14 d&#237;as para <italic>Hemerobius chilensis</italic> y <italic>Nomerobius cuspidatus</italic>, 4-6 d&#237;as y 24-30 d&#237;as para <italic>Sympherobius gayi</italic>, y 3-4 d&#237;as y 15-16 d&#237;as para <italic>Gayomyia falcata</italic>, y Neuenschwander (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0541">1975</xref>) y New (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0554">1984</xref>) aportan interesantes datos sobre el desarrollo larvario de especies americanas y tropicales en diferentes condiciones experimentales.
</p>
			<p>Sobre la morfolog&#237;a de las fases larvarias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 12</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">28</xref>) conviene mencionar que, a nivel general, son escasamente conocidas, desconoci&#233;ndose en muchos g&#233;neros y en la mayor&#237;a/muchas de sus especies (incluso en la fauna europea, Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0154">1986</xref>). Recientemente se han venido describiendo nuevos datos, que poco a poco tratan de completar esta laguna (Essig, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0132">1910</xref>; Morton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0451">1910</xref>; Moznette, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0457">1915a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0458">1915b</xref>; Cutright, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0096">1923</xref>; Smith, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0657">1923</xref>; Withycombe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>; Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0246">1931</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0254">1939a</xref>; Bodenheimer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0052">1930</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0226">1932b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0227">1932c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0231">1932g</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1934b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>; Morton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0454">1935</xref>; Fraser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0139">1940</xref>; Fulmek, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0144">1941</xref>; Nakahara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0465">1955</xref>; Kawashima, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0220">1958</xref>; MacLeod, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0320">1960a</xref>; B&#228;nsch, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0046">1964</xref>; Peterson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0611">1967</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0546">1967a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0548">1968a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0552">1975c</xref>; Agekyan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0004">1973</xref>; Neuenschwander, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0541">1975</xref>; Yang, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0742">1980b</xref>; Samson &#38; Blood, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0642">1979</xref>; Miller &#38; Lambdin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0374">1982</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0375">1984</xref>; New &#38; Boros, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0565">1983</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0430">2008b</xref>; Babrikova, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0030">1984</xref>; Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0153">1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0154">1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0155">1990</xref>; Hussein, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0213">1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0214">1985</xref>; Paulus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0599">1986</xref>; Miller &#38; Cave, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0373">1987</xref>; Veenstra <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0713">1990</xref>; Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0155">1990</xref>; Krakauer &#38; Tauber, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0280">1996</xref>; Souza, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0673">1997</xref>; Dey &#38; Bhattacharya, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0103">1997</xref>; Tauber &#38; Krakauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0685">1997</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0444">2001</xref>; Oswald &#38; Tauber, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0591">2001</xref>; Reguil&#243;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0626">2002</xref>; Reguil&#243;n &#38; Nu&#241;ez Campero, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0627">2005</xref>, etc.).
</p>
			<p>Sobre las fases larvarias de esta familia conviene recordar que, en muchos casos, son de dif&#237;cil cr&#237;a en laboratorio, bien porque dif&#237;cilmente se induce a la ovoposici&#243;n en los imagos, o bien porque los huevos no prosperan y mueren antes de eclosionar (Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0154">1986</xref>), am&#233;n de la citada y curiosa especificidad que poseen muchas especies en el tipo de superficie que eligen para efectuar las puestas (De Montmollin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0100">1978</xref>), de la alta mortalidad en condiciones experimentales (Dunn, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0116">1954</xref> anota hasta el 50%), o en la especificidad en el tipo de presas requeridas en ciertos casos, por lo que no es un tema f&#225;cil.
</p>
			<p>Sobre la identificaci&#243;n de las fases larvarias, y para el lector interesado, aportamos una sencilla clave general de las larvas ib&#233;ricas a nivel de g&#233;nero, y recomendamos a Veenstra <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0713">1990</xref>), quienes aportan una clave de los g&#233;neros europeos y Gepp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0153">1984</xref>) y Oswald &#38; Tauber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0591">2001</xref>), quienes recopilan los datos existentes sobre la descripci&#243;n de los estadios preimaginales, bien europeas o bien de las especies entonces conocidas, incluidas muchas de las especies ib&#233;ricas (m&#225;s informaci&#243;n sobre la morfolog&#237;a de las fases preimaginales puede recabarse en la citada bibliograf&#237;a adjunta, y de las especies presentes en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica/Baleares se anota, en cada una de ellas, las referencias existentes).
</p>
			<p>La pupaci&#243;n se realiza mediante la fabricaci&#243;n de un capullo de seda segregado por los tubos de Malpighi y que sale por el ano, utilizando eficazmente los &#225;giles &#250;ltimos segmentos abdominales para su ejecuci&#243;n y tejido (Carpenter, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">1940</xref>). Suele estar formado por una doble capa, una primera y m&#225;s externa, tenue y laxa, que fijar&#225; el todo al medio elegido, y una posterior, m&#225;s compacta e interna (propiamente capullo) que es ovoide, de extremos redondeados y de dimensiones variables seg&#250;n el tama&#241;o de las larvas (Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>). Suelen elegir zonas protegidas para efectuar la construcci&#243;n del capullo, hojas secas, entre la base de las ac&#237;culas, bajo cortezas, entre fisuras, en pies de &#225;rboles, a veces en el interior de pi&#241;as o de agallas, nidos de p&#225;jaros e incluso exuvias pupales de otros insectos (Smith, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0657">1923</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; Tjeder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0704">1961</xref>; Deyrup &#38; Deyrup, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0104">1978</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>; Miller &#38; Cave, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0373">1987</xref>; Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>, etc.). Seg&#250;n la &#233;poca del a&#241;o y especies, la fase de prepupa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0009">Fig. 29</xref>), ya incapaz de desplazarse y fuertemente recurvada sobre s&#237; misma en sus extremos dentro del capullo, puede durar 4-5 d&#237;as desde que se teji&#243; el capullo, antes de pasar a la fase de pupa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0009">Fig. 30</xref>), o mantenerse en este estadio para pasar el invierno (Carpenter, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">1940</xref>).
</p>
			<fig id="F0009">
				<label>Figs. 29 y 30</label>
				<caption>
					<p>29: Prepupa de <italic>Sympherobius fuscescens</italic>; 30: pupa de <italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus.</italic> Adaptadas de Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>).</p>
					<p>29: Prepupa of <italic>Sympherobius fuscescens</italic>; 30: pupa of <italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus</italic>. Adapted from Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>).</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g009.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>La pupa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0009">Fig. 30</xref>) es de tipo dectica y exarata, con mand&#237;bulas sim&#233;tricas portadoras de un diente interno y otro apical, y como las antenas, son libres, hecho habitual en los Neuropterida. El periodo pupal es relativamente corto, y la emergencia del imago, generalmente al atardecer.
</p>
			<p>Si no se utiliza esta fase para hibernar, emerge posteriormente el imago en 5-7, 9-14, 10-40, 28-41 d&#237;as seg&#250;n los datos publicados (9-10 d&#237;as hemos observado y ahora citamos en <italic>Sympherobius fallax</italic>), tras liberarse del capullo de seda que corta con sus mand&#237;bulas, como ahora citaremos. De forma similar a lo que acontece en Mantispidae, Berothidae, Sisyridae u Osmylidae, la salida del capullo se ve favorecida por la posesi&#243;n de dos pares de dent&#237;culos curvos y opuestos sobre la regi&#243;n tergal de los segmentos 3&#176; y 4&#176; del abdomen pupal (Fig. 30) que act&#250;an como anclaje para liberarse de la exuvia pupal (Morton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0451">1910</xref>; Standfuss, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0659">1910</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1934b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>). Para zafarse del capullo de seda que la pupa corta con sus mand&#237;bulas, deja abandonada en ella su exuvia pupal, y tras liberarse de ella, queda libre el imago, que suele trepar por una superficie vertical para favorecer la expansi&#243;n y endurecimiento de sus alas. Tras este cr&#237;tico y vulnerable periodo (Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>), y tras expeler el meconio (restos del contenido acumulado en el tubo digestivo que no ha podido ser eliminado por el ano con anterioridad, debido a la falta de conexi&#243;n entre el mesodeo y proctoeo, elemento que caracteriza a todos los estados juveniles de los neur&#243;pteros), en una hora est&#225; listo para volar. Tras un periodo de maduraci&#243;n de las g&#243;nadas (3-10 d&#237;as), en el que este tipo de insectos suelen dispersarse (Laffranque &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0291">1975</xref>; Duelli, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0111">1984</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0554">1984</xref>; Souza, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0672">1988</xref>; Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>), est&#225;n listas para el cortejo y la reproducci&#243;n. El proceso de emergencia del imago es detalladamente descrito por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>), y l&#243;gicamente los tiempos citados como empleados en las diferentes fases de desarrollo son algo variables seg&#250;n las especies y las observaciones efectuadas por los diferentes autores, y se han citado entre 17-27 d&#237;as a 7-8 semanas entre la salida de la larva del huevo y la emergencia del imago (Smith, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0657">1923</xref>; Dunn, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0116">1954</xref>; Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Mayoritariamente en nuestras latitudes las poblaciones se desarrollan durante los meses de primavera y verano, normalmente sucedi&#233;ndose varias generaciones en funci&#243;n de la temperatura, humedad, fotoperiodo, etc., y de los recursos del medio, y la hibernaci&#243;n suele producirse en fase de prepupa, m&#225;s raramente en pupa, y ocasionalmente en cualquier fase desde huevo a imago, aunque larvas de varios g&#233;neros mantienen su actividad a bajas temperaturas (<italic>Hemerobius</italic>, <italic>Wesmaelius, Micromus</italic>), aunque l&#243;gicamente las elevadas altitudes y latitudes limitan sus poblaciones (Morton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0451">1910</xref>; Withycombe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0223">1929</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>; Carpenter, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">1940</xref>; Rivnay, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0633">1943</xref>; Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0753">1963</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0758">1984</xref>; Laffranque &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0291">1975</xref>; Neuenschwander, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0541">1975</xref>; Greve, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0169">1978</xref>; Samson &#38; Blood, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0642">1979</xref>; Neuenschwander &#38; Hagen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0543">1980</xref>; Syrett &#38; Penman, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0675">1981</xref>; Kevan &#38; Klimaszewski, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0222">1987</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0559">1989</xref>; Luquet, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0318">1991</xref>; Collins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0084">1996</xref>; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0069">1997</xref>; Szentkir&#225;lyi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0679">2001a</xref>; Horton <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0211">2002</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>; Penny <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0602">2007</xref>; Yadav <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0737">2008</xref>; Ocharan &#38; Ocharan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0569">2011</xref>). En zonas de la pen&#237;nsula litorales y m&#225;s meridionales (probablemente tambi&#233;n en Baleares) las poblaciones se desarrollan y suceden a lo largo de todo el a&#241;o, incluso en los meses de invierno, e incluso alguna especie, quiz&#225;s para evitar la competencia con otras especies o para sortear los meses m&#225;s calurosos, parece tener mayor actividad durante estos meses de invierno (ver fenolog&#237;as de las especies en cada caso). Tambi&#233;n en nuestras latitudes, otras especies como <italic>H. stigma</italic> poseen tambi&#233;n actividad ya pasado el oto&#241;o, incluso invierno, y en zonas costeras m&#225;s meridionales &#233;sta y otras especies tienen actividad a lo largo de todo el a&#241;o. La mayor&#237;a de las especies parecen tener ciclos bivoltinos, aunque en ciertas condiciones especies como <italic>P. diptera</italic> o <italic>M. variegatus</italic>, parecen poseer ciclos monovoltinos (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>; Szentkir&#225;lyi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0677">1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0678">1997</xref>), y tambi&#233;n ciclos monovoltinos est&#225;n citados en especies adaptadas a medios, latitudes o altitudes m&#225;s rigurosos (<italic>Micromus angulatus</italic>, <italic>Wesmaelius concinnus, W. balticus, W. quadrifasciatus, W. malladai, W. mortoni, W. nervosus</italic> y probablemente <italic>W. ravus</italic> y <italic>W</italic>. <italic>fassnidgei, Hemerobius pini,</italic> etc.), aunque en algunos casos esto puede variar y adaptarse a la latitud y la altitud de las poblaciones, o los imagos entran en diapausa invernal. En nuestras latitudes se han citado hasta 5-8 generaciones anuales (Rivnay, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0633">1943</xref>; Hinke, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0198">1975</xref>; Miermont &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0371">1975</xref>), y en zonas tropicales y/o subtropicales las generaciones se suceden sin ninguna diapausa (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0554">1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0555">1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0558">1988c</xref>), y curiosamente, s&#243;lo <italic>W. navasi</italic> parece tener diapausa estival, hecho conocido de otras familias pr&#243;ximas, como Chrysopidae (Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>), pero este hecho no hab&#237;a sido citado en esta familia (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0555">1986</xref>) y, en cualquier caso, la relativamente larga longevidad de las hembras (hasta 35 meses) y de su prolongado periodo reproductor hace dificultoso calibrar el n&#250;mero de generaciones reales en las poblaciones de la mayor&#237;a de nuestras especies, dado que se solapan las poblaciones derivadas del periodo reproductor de una misma hembra (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0555">1986</xref>; Canard &#38; Volkovich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">2001</xref>). Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>: 148-149) anota las fenolog&#237;as de las especies del Reino Unido.
</p>
			<p>Por &#250;ltimo, diversos tipos de par&#225;sitos han sido citados en esta familia, bien sobre sus larvas o emergiendo de sus capullos, especialmente himen&#243;pteros parasitoides (Chalcidoidea, Ichneumonoidea, Cynipoidea: Figitidae, Anacharitidae, Pteromalidae) (<italic>Xyalaspis, Anacharis, Aegilips, Hemiteles, Telenomus, Gelis, Homocidus, Dibrachys</italic>), alcanzando en ocasiones porcentajes superiores al 50% (Howard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0212">1891</xref>; Miles, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0372">1924</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0547">1967b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0551">1975b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0554">1984</xref>; Lipkow, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0315">1969</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>; Pantaleoni, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0593">1984</xref>; Miller &#38; Lambdin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0376">1985</xref>; Cave &#38; Miller, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0079">1987</xref>). Tambi&#233;n &#225;caros, taqu&#237;nidos, hongos, gregarinas y nematomorfos se han citado como par&#225;sitos de larvas, pupas e imagos (Geus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0157">1969</xref>; Manuel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0344">1981</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0396">1984b</xref>; Devetak, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0102">2014</xref>), alcanzando en ocasiones hasta un 86.7% de insectos infectados. Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0228">1932d</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0230">1932f</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0234">1934a</xref>) anota interesantes datos al respecto, y Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>: 176-179) ofrece una detallada informaci&#243;n de par&#225;sitos en sus diferentes fases. Tentativamente Forsius (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0137">1924</xref>) ha citado <italic>Forcipomyia</italic> (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) como ectopar&#225;sito de alguna especie de <italic>Hemerobius</italic> (frecuentemente citados como ectopar&#225;sitos de Neuroptera, especialmente Chrysopidae). Obviamente tambi&#233;n son presas de artr&#243;podos predadores, principalmente ara&#241;as, larvas de coccin&#233;lidos y s&#237;rfidos, hormigas, odonatos, as&#237;lidos, etc., as&#237; como de anfibios, aves y murci&#233;lagos (Needham, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0537">1905</xref>; Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0225">1932a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0229">1932e</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0232">1932h</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0551">1975b</xref>; Daane, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0098">2001</xref>; Szentkir&#225;lyi &#38; Krist&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0682">2002</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<bold>Breve historial sobre su taxonom&#237;a y su conocimiento en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica y Baleares</bold>
			</p>
			<p>El concepto de los &#8220;actuales&#8221; hemer&#243;bidos inclu&#237;a en los inicios a pr&#225;cticamente todas las familias que hoy d&#237;a constituyen el Orden Neuroptera, que por otra parte, y desde el concepto Linneano, se ha ido desglosando en diferentes &#243;rdenes actualmente reconocidos (Kr&#252;ger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0281">1915</xref>; Tjeder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0701">1952</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0559">1989</xref>; Pantaleoni, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0596">2010</xref>). Tras las primeras descripciones (Linnaeus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0312">1758</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0313">1761</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0314">1767</xref>; Geoffroy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0149">1762</xref>; Fabricius, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0133">1777</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0134">1781</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0135">1793</xref>; Schrank, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0649">1781</xref>; De Geer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0099">1783</xref>; Latreille, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0297">1796</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0298">1802</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0299">1804</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0300">1825</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0301">1831</xref>; Cuvier, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0097">1817</xref>; Stephens, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0670">1836</xref>; Burmeister, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0066">1839</xref>; Schneider, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0647">1845</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0648">1851</xref>; Hagen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0179">1850</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0180">1851</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0181">1854</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0187">1866a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0188">1866b</xref>; Brauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0057">1852</xref>; Walker, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0718">1853</xref>; Brauer &#38; L&#246;w, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0064">1857</xref>; Costa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0088">1863</xref>; Wallengren, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0719">1863</xref>, etc.), es Rambur (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0625">1842</xref>) el que cita por primera vez un hemer&#243;bido en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica, apareciendo con el tiempo algunos trabajos posteriores con citas o referencias sobre la fauna Ib&#233;rica (Walker, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0718">1853</xref>; Costa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0087">1855</xref>; Rosenhauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0638">1856</xref>; Pictet, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0612">1865</xref>; Hagen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0189">1866c</xref>; Bol&#237;var, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0054">1878</xref>; McLachlan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0362">1880</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0363">1899</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0364">1902a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0365">1902b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0366">1903</xref>; Cun&#237; y Martorell, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0089">1880</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0090">1888</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0091">1890</xref>; Lucas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0316">1905</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0317">1906</xref>; Morton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0452">1912</xref>, etc.), y a su vez los primeros intentos en organizar su taxonom&#237;a y su sistem&#225;tica conforme se desglosaban algunos taxa en familias distintas y a&#250;n algunas (Osmylidae, Sisyridae, Nevrorthidae) tardar&#237;an en constituirse, y poco a poco la familia Hemerobiidae iba adquiriendo entidad (Rambur, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0625">1842</xref>; Brauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0057">1852</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0058">1855</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0059">1866</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0060">1868</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0062">1876</xref>; Curtis, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0094">1854</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0095">1862</xref>; Brauer &#38; L&#246;w, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0064">1857</xref>; Hagen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0185">1861</xref>; McLachlan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0358">1863</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0359">1867</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0360">1868</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0361">1869</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0363">1899</xref>; Wallengren, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0720">1871</xref>; Perkins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0608">1899</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0609">1910</xref>; Handlirsh, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0191">1906-1908</xref>, etc.), siendo Tillyard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0688">1916</xref>) quien la dej&#243; definida.
</p>
			<p>Poco a poco van realizandose obras, monograf&#237;as y revisiones que afectan a diferentes faunas, destacando Hagen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0183">1858</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0184">1859</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0185">1861</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0186">1862</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0190">1888</xref>); Albarda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0006">1889</xref>); Currie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0092">1904a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0093">1904b</xref>); Needham (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0537">1905</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0538">1909</xref>); Banks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0035">1905</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0036">1909</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0037">1910</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0038">1913a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0039">1913b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0040">1918</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0041">1920</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0042">1932</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0043">1937a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0044">1937b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0045">1940</xref>); Mj&#246;berg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0378">1909</xref>); P&#233;ringuey (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0606">1910</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0607">1911</xref>); Weele (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0721">1910</xref>); Nakahara (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0460">1915a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0461">1915b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0462">1915c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0463">1919</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0464">1954</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0466">1956</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0467">1960a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0468">1960b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0469">1960c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0470">1964</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0471">1966a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0472">1966b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0473">1966c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0474">1971</xref>); Esben-Petersen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0121">1914</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0122">1920a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0123">1920b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0124">1921</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0125">1924</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0126">1928a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0127">1928b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0128">1931</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0129">1935</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0130">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0131">1937</xref>); Tillyard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0689">1917</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0690">1923</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0691">1926a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0692">1926b</xref>); Comstock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0086">1918</xref>); Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0733">1922a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>); Kr&#252;ger (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0282">1922</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0283">1923</xref>); Lackschewitz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0288">1922</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0289">1929</xref>); Smith (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0657">1923</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0658">1931</xref>); Kuwayama (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0284">1924</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0285">1956</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0286">1962</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0287">1964</xref>); Lestage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0307">1925</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0308">1928</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0309">1929</xref>); Williams (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0726">1927</xref>); Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0223">1929</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0233">1933</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0236">1934c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0237">1935</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>); Tjeder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0693">1930</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0694">1931</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0695">1932</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0696">1936a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0698">1939</xref>); Kimmins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0243">1928</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0244">1929a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0245">1929b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0247">1932</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0248">1933</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0249">1935a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0250">1935b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0251">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0252">1937</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0253">1938</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0255">1939b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0256">1940</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0257">1943</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0258">1956</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0259">1958</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0260">1959</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0261">1960</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0262">1963</xref>); Morton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0453">1931</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0454">1935</xref>); Carpenter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">1940</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0077">1961</xref>); Zimmerman (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0759">1940</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0760">1946</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0761">1957</xref>); Fraser (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0140">1942</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0141">1951</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0142">1955</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0143">1957</xref>); Gurney (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0178">1948</xref>); Wegenek (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0722">1950</xref>); Handschin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0192">1955</xref>); Auber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0028">1956</xref>); Parfin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0598">1956</xref>), Kozhanchikov (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0279">1956</xref>); Tjeder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0699">1941</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0700">1948</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0701">1952</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0702">1955</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0703">1957</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0704">1961</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0705">1963a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0706">1963b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0707">1968</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0708">1975</xref>); MacLeod (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0320">1960a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0322">1963</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0323">1964</xref>); Nakahara (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0469">1960c</xref>); Nakahara &#38; Kuwayama (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0475">1961</xref>); Kimmins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0261">1960</xref>); Zelen&#253; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0751">1962a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0752">1962b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0753">1963</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0754">1964</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0755">1971</xref>); Asp&#246;ck (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0010">1963</xref>); H&#246;lzel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0201">1963</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1964</xref>); Yang (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0740">1964</xref>); Kis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0264">1965</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0265">1968</xref>); Steinmann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0661">1965a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0662">1965b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0663">1968</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0664">1971</xref>); Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0011">1965</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0012">1966</xref>); Ohm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0571">1967</xref>); Stange (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0660">1967</xref>), Alayo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0005">1968</xref>), etc., existiendo adem&#225;s multitud de art&#237;culos relacionados con la Entomolog&#237;a Aplicada y/o con las faunas locales, que escapan a la intenci&#243;n de esta contribuci&#243;n.
</p>
			<p>Como est&#225; ocurriendo en la Zoolog&#237;a y la Entomolog&#237;a en general, con las nuevas herramientas moleculares han venido apareciendo art&#237;culos que pueden modificar la situaci&#243;n de numerosas especies y la posici&#243;n de muchos taxa se va a ver, sin duda, afectada en un futuro (Morini&#232;re <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0450">2014</xref>).
</p>
			<p>La lista de las especies, subespecies, variedades y formas actuales del mundo, sus sinonimias, especies tipo de cada g&#233;nero, <italic>nomina dubia</italic> y <italic>nomina nuda</italic> es aportada por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0411">1990c</xref>), quien recoge entonces la existencia de 546 especies v&#225;lidas pertenecientes a 42 g&#233;neros v&#225;lidos (descontadas las 222 especies y 61 g&#233;neros previamente sinonimizados).
</p>
			<p>A nivel gen&#233;rico, su taxonom&#237;a y sistem&#225;tica ha sido recientemente tratada (Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>). Sin embargo, su estado general de conocimiento es a&#250;n muy incompleto, siendo francamente escasos los trabajos de revisi&#243;n global en la mayor&#237;a de sus g&#233;neros, son muchas las especies inadecuadamente descritas y tipificadas, otras no han sido citadas posteriormente desde su descripci&#243;n original, y otras son muy parcialmente conocidas, siendo muy parco el conocimiento sobre su morfolog&#237;a, venaci&#243;n, genitalia y variabilidad en muchas especies, hecho que conlleva, a veces, a errores de identificaci&#243;n y que provoca confusiones en su distribuci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica real. Por ello, de forma global, puede decirse que la situaci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica y sistem&#225;tica de las especies de esta familia es a&#250;n bastante incompleta y fragmentaria (Kevan &#38; Klimaszewski, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0221">1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0222">1987</xref>; Klimaszewski &#38; Kevan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0267">1987a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0268">1987b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0269">1988a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0270">1988b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0271">1990a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0272">1990b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0273">1990c</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Sin duda, las faunas Pale&#225;rtica, Ne&#225;rtica y Australiana son las mejor conocidas sobre este particular, si bien el l&#237;mite real de distribuci&#243;n de muchas especies es, con frecuencia, impreciso o incompleto y, en ocasiones, los datos sobre su biolog&#237;a son escasos y el nivel de conocimiento de las faunas de muchos pa&#237;ses, incluso en zonas relativamente bien estudiadas como Europa y Estados Unidos es a&#250;n poco satisfactorio. Este hecho es a&#250;n m&#225;s evidente en faunas de otros continentes, y nuevas obras han sido afrontadas, y desde el &#250;ltimo tercio del pasado siglo al presente nuevos trabajos van aportando nuevos datos que van completando las lagunas existentes sobre su taxonom&#237;a, distribuci&#243;n, faun&#237;stica, biolog&#237;a y catalogaci&#243;n (H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0203">1970</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0204">1973</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0205">1988</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0206">1995</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0207">2002</xref>; Yaseen &#38; Krishnaswamy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0748">1972</xref>; Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0756">1972</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0757">1976</xref>; Ghosh, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0158">1976</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0160">1990</xref>; Penny, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0600">1977</xref>; Barnard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0047">1978</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0048">1990</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>; Yang, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0741">1980a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0742">1980b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0743">1981a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0744">1981b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0745">1988</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0746">1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0747">1999</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0390">1980c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0397">1984c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0400">1984f</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0401">1985a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0408">1989</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0409">1990 a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0411">1990c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0412">1990d</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0413">1991a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0415">1992 a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0416">1992b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0417">1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0419">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0421">1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0423">2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0424">2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0425">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>; Gonz&#225;lez Olazo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0161">1981</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0162">1987a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">1987b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0164">1992a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0165">1992b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0166">1992c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">1993</xref>; MacLeod &#38; Stange, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0325">1981</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0326">2001</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0553">1981</xref>; Leraut, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0303">1982</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0304">1989</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0305">1991a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0306">1991b</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Penny, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0445">1983</xref>; Penny &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0604">1983</xref>; Penny &#38; Sturm, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0605">1984</xref>; Makarkin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0327">1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0328">1985</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0329">1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0330">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0332">1991b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0333">1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0334">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0335">1995</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0336">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0337">1996b</xref>; Klimaszewski &#38; Kevan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0266">1985</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0267">1987a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0268">1987b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0269">1988a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0270">1988b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0271">1990a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0272">1990b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0273">1990c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0274">1992</xref>; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0575">1985</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0576">1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0577">1988a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0578">1988b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0579">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0580">1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0582">1993b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0583">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0584">1996</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0586">2004</xref>; Popov, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0616">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0617">1986b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0618">1996</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0619">2002a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0620">2002b</xref>; Kevan &#38; Klimaszewski, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0221">1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0222">1987</xref>; Monserrat &#38; H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0439">1987</xref>; Klimaszewski <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0275">1987</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0556">1988a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0557">1988b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0559">1989</xref>; Oswald &#38; Penny, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0590">1991</xref>; Baert <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0032">1992</xref>; Henry <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0197">1992</xref>; Dobosz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0110">1993</xref>; Poggi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0614">1993</xref>; Wise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0731">1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0732">2000</xref>; Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0351">1995a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0352">1995b</xref>; Asp&#246;ck &#38; H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0025">1996</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>; Penny &#38; Lee, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0603">1996</xref>; Penny <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0601">1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0602">2007</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Deretsky, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0434">1999</xref>; Pantaleoni, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0594">1999</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0444">2001</xref>; Lara &#38; Freitas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0293">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0294">2003</xref>; Oswald <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0589">2002</xref>; New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0564">2003</xref>; Reguil&#243;n &#38; Nu&#241;ez Campero, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0627">2005</xref>; H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0208">2007</xref>; Makarkin &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0340">2007</xref>; Kim &#38; Cho, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0242">2011</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>, etc.). Para los interesados en conocer informaci&#243;n sobre la bibliograf&#237;a de esta familia se recomienda Oswald (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0588">2013b</xref>).
</p>
			<p>No ser&#237;a posible concebir el estudio de los neur&#243;pteros en general, y de los hemer&#243;bidos (incluidos los de Andorra, Espa&#241;a y Portugal) en particular, sin las numerosas publicaciones del autor espa&#241;ol Longinos Nav&#225;s (1858-1938), prol&#237;fico, heterog&#233;neo y controvertido autor en numerosos campos, quien durante casi cuarenta a&#241;os centr&#243; la mayor&#237;a de sus estudios en la taxonom&#237;a y sistem&#225;tica de este grupo de insectos, y que en el caso de la familia que nos ocupa y por su extensi&#243;n, no hemos pormenorizado en la relaci&#243;n de autores y obras anteriormente citada. En ellas se describen numerosos nuevos taxa (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0411">1990c</xref>) y se incluyen multitud de citas de hemer&#243;bidos en nuestra fauna. Lamentablemente los criterios taxon&#243;micos seguidos por &#233;l han resultado ser de escaso valor y rigor cient&#237;fico, y sus identificaciones y descripciones de nuevos taxa han sido frecuentemente puestas en duda, ya que mayoritariamente en sus identificaciones no ten&#237;an en cuenta la genitalia, y basaba sus estudios casi exclusivamente en caracteres como la venaci&#243;n o coloraci&#243;n alar (en gran parte muy variables), y por ello sus trabajos consisten en un compendio de taxa nuevos, que m&#225;s que un avance, aportaron mucha confusi&#243;n, y por ello su obra ha sido permanentemente motivo de controversia. Como ejemplos de su confusa labor relacionada con la familia que tratamos, citemos que Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0406">1986c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0411">1990c</xref>) recoge, nada menos que, 28 g&#233;neros, 159 especies y 3 variedades de hemer&#243;bidos descritos por este autor a lo largo de su vida, y como ejemplos de su hacer, citemos que Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0412">1990d</xref>) revisa las 28 especies descritas por este autor pertenecientes al g&#233;nero <italic>Micromus</italic>, y solo 7 permanecieron como v&#225;lidas, Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>) propone como sinonimias de especies previamente por &#233;l descritas o confirma las sinonimias de cuatro de sus especies de nuestra fauna, y Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>) detecta numerosos errores de identificaci&#243;n que hacen frecuentemente dudosos sus datos faun&#237;sticos. Pi&#233;nsese que s&#243;lo de estos tres &#243;rdenes de insectos (Neuropterida) describi&#243; aproximadamente 375 g&#233;neros, 2.173 especies y 301 variedades (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0406">1986c</xref>), es decir 2.849 taxa, del total de 388 g&#233;neros y 2.684 especies por &#233;l descritos de diferentes &#243;rdenes de insectos y ar&#225;cnidos (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0401">1985a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0406">1986c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>; Bastero Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0049">1989</xref>), y en lo que a nuestra fauna incumbe, de todos estos taxa, multitud de g&#233;neros, y nada menos que 152 especies y 149 variedades de Neuropterida fueron descritas por &#233;l en la Fauna Ibero-Balear, que sumadas a las descritas de las Islas Canarias (Ohm &#38; B&#225;ez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0573">2004</xref>; B&#225;ez &#38; Orom&#237;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0033">2010</xref>) alcanzan un total de 239 taxa: 4 de Megaloptera y 208 de Neuroptera (+15 de Canarias), y en la familia que nos compete, de las 23 especies (+2 variedades) de hemer&#243;bidos descritas por Nav&#225;s de la fauna iberobalear, solo 3 han resultado v&#225;lidas (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>). Por tanto, el gran legado de Nav&#225;s ha quedado reducido realmente a alguna especie descrita que ha mantenido por prioridad su validez taxon&#243;mica (ver listado de especies consideradas y sus sinonimias) y a ciertos datos sobre la potencial distribuci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica de algunas especies. Desafortunadamente casi son solo sus publicaciones las que nos quedan, ya que su colecci&#243;n privada sufri&#243; diversas y penosas vicisitudes a lo largo de los a&#241;os (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0401">1985a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0406">1986c</xref>), y por tanto, los ejemplares con los que contamos actualmente depositados en instituciones para revisar su labor son proporcionalmente escasos.
</p>
			<p>Al margen de estos datos hist&#243;ricos, en lo que respecta a la Fauna Ibero-Balear, se ha venido aportando recientemente abundante informaci&#243;n sobre esta familia, aunque a&#250;n existen multitud de lagunas y de &#225;reas completamente inexploradas sobre este grupo, especialmente en Portugal y Baleares (Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>). Hace algunas d&#233;cadas Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>) revisan las especies europeas y m&#225;s tarde Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>) ofrece la primera sinopsis reciente de esta familia en nuestra fauna, a la que siguieron otras obras (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0413">1991a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>), y en conjunto, a las especies de esta familia m&#225;s comunes y habituales que hist&#243;ricamente fueron descritas o iban siendo conocidas en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica se han venido a&#241;adiendo m&#225;s recientemente nuevas opiniones y nuevos elementos (<italic>Wesmaelius reisseri, W. helveticus, W. ravus, W. fassnidgei, Sympherobius klapaleki</italic>, <italic>S. maculipennis, S. gayi</italic>, <italic>Psectra diptera, Drepanepteryx phalaenoides, Hemerobius perelegans,</italic> etc.), con incluso algunas especies neotropicales consideradas/bles como especies invasoras o potencialmente invasoras (<italic>Sympherobius gayi, Hemerobius bolivari</italic>), que han sido recientemente citadas en la fauna ib&#233;rica y alguna aparentemente asentada en Portugal (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0380">1976a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0381">1976b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0383">1978a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0384">1978b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0403">1985c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0413">1991a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0417">1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0431">2010</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>; Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0020">1982</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Deretsky, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0434">1999</xref>; Tr&#246;ger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0710">2007</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>; Garcia <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0145">2013</xref>). Todas estas citas han acabado por conformar una de las familias m&#225;s rica en especies (40) dentro de la Fauna Europea (53) (Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>), de las que Letardi <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>) listan 15 especies de la fauna portuguesa continental. Con respecto a la fauna de las Islas Baleares, Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>) anota 15 especies, y pone en duda algunas citas antiguas. No ha podido dilucidarse, aun solicit&#225;ndolo a su autor, la cita de <italic>Hemerobius</italic> sp. en Menorca que menciona Compte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0085">1968</xref>), dato ya comentado por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Recientemente Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>) ha resuelto la posici&#243;n taxon&#243;mica de las especies ib&#233;ricas pertenecientes a esta familia que, hasta entonces, pose&#237;an una situaci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica dudosa o sin resolver, y Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>) aportan la lista de las especies ibero-baleares de esta familia con sus sinonimias y diferentes combinaciones nomenclaturales bajo las cuales han sido citadas en la bibliograf&#237;a, y en base a las citas fiables existentes y a material in&#233;dito, aportan un cartografiado de la distribuci&#243;n de las especies ib&#233;ricas, poniendo en evidencia, como hemos indicado, que existen enormes &#225;reas a&#250;n no prospectadas, y es de esperar que nuevas sorpresas nos depare el futuro. Por &#250;ltimo Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>) aportan numerosas de estas citas in&#233;ditas e incrementan el n&#250;mero de especies conocidas en las faunas ib&#233;rica y europea. Obviamente al tratarse de un grupo con inter&#233;s en la Entomolog&#237;a Aplicada, existen multitud de art&#237;culos en los que se cita la presencia de la familia Hemerobiidae en diversos estudios aplicados realizados en el solar ib&#233;rico (Ejs.: Campos &#38; Ramos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0067">1983</xref>; Ruiz Torres &#38; Montiel Bueno, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0639">2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0640">2002</xref>) que escapan a la intenci&#243;n de esta contribuci&#243;n.
</p>
			<p>Los neur&#243;pteros, y con ellos los hemer&#243;bidos, son excelentes bio-indicadores de la calidad y grado de conservaci&#243;n del Medio Ambiente (New, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0560">1998</xref>; Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>), y quiz&#225;s conviene mencionar un peque&#241;o apunte sobre nuestra experiencia en la recolecta de hemer&#243;bidos en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica durante las &#250;ltimas cuatro d&#233;cadas, en las que, como hemos observado en otros grupos de neur&#243;pteros, hemos detectado una franca regresi&#243;n en sus poblaciones ib&#233;ricas, con una progresiva disminuci&#243;n de sus efectivos dentro de numerosas poblaciones respecto a lo que, no hace demasiado tiempo, antes obten&#237;amos, incluso potenciando m&#225;s recientemente las unidades de esfuerzo, intensidad y n&#250;mero de investigadores para recolectarlos, y son un ejemplo m&#225;s del silencioso e imparable deterioro sobre la Naturaleza que las acciones del hombre est&#225;n provocando sin que apenas sea perceptible, salvo que la edad de algunos entom&#243;logos (como es nuestro caso) lo aprecie y mencione. Esto ya se ha manifestado en otras zonas, algunas muy distantes (y as&#237; lo comenta Zimmerman, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0761">1957</xref> en los hemer&#243;bidos de Haw&#225;i), hasta el punto de que algunas especies forman parte de la lista de especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinci&#243;n (Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0151">1981</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0152">1983</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>; Tr&#246;ger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0709">1993</xref>; R&#246;hricht &#38; Tr&#246;ger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0637">1998</xref>; Pr&#246;se &#38; Gruppe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0623">2003</xref>; R&#246;hricht, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0636">2004</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Como no pod&#237;a ser de otra forma, tambi&#233;n los hemer&#243;bidos son actualmente objeto de atenci&#243;n en Internet (McEwen &#38; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0357">1998</xref>; R&#246;hricht, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0635">2002</xref>), y especialmente lo son en multitud de foros que recientemente han aparecido, y por la misma raz&#243;n aducida para las citas bibliogr&#225;ficas de nuestras especies, estos registros podr&#237;an considerarse (siempre que los datos aportados en estas webs sean los correctos), y as&#237; lo hemos en tenido en cuenta en algunos casos al anotar parte del nuevo material ahora citado.
</p>
			<p>A pesar de toda la informaci&#243;n publicada hasta la fecha, y en lo que respecta a la Fauna Ibero-Balear, la familia Hemerobiidae no ha sido objeto de una investigaci&#243;n profunda basada en todo el estudio del material del que disponemos en la actualidad. Por otra parte, toda la informaci&#243;n existente sobre este orden de insectos en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica y Baleares est&#225; muy dispersa o a&#250;n es desconocida, y consideramos que es de gran importancia subsanar dicha laguna efectuando una revisi&#243;n completa, que es lo que pretendemos en la presente contribuci&#243;n.
</p>
			<p>En ella se realiza una revisi&#243;n de la familia Hemerobiidae de la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica e Islas Baleares, que incluye la recopilaci&#243;n de toda la informaci&#243;n bibliogr&#225;fica general existente relacionada con esta familia (761 referencias bibliogr&#225;ficas anotadas), y con nuestras especies, sobre sus sinonimias com&#250;nmente aceptadas y sobre las diferentes combinaciones nomenclaturiales bajo las cuales han sido citadas en la bibliograf&#237;a (siempre nos quedar&#225; alguna en el &#8220;tintero&#8221;), aportando el listado actualizado de las especies conocidas en la zona, as&#237; como una clave de identificaci&#243;n de sus g&#233;neros (imagos y larvas) y de sus especies, y de cada una de ellas, anotamos, cuando sea preciso, datos sobre su taxonom&#237;a, morfolog&#237;a y/o variabilidad, y los datos conocidos sobre sus estadios juveniles, cuando existan, as&#237; como toda la informaci&#243;n existente sobre su biolog&#237;a, distribuci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica, fenol&#243;gica y altitudinal, tanto en general, como referente a los datos conocidos en nuestra fauna. Se concluye con un breve listado de especies dudosa- o incorrectamente citadas en nuestra fauna.
</p>
		</sec>
		<sec id="S0002" sec-type="material|methods">
			<title>Material y M&#233;todo</title>
			<p>Para la realizaci&#243;n de esta revisi&#243;n, y partiendo de la informaci&#243;n general conocida (en su conjunto 761 referencias bibliogr&#225;ficas que citamos), recopilamos y ordenamos de toda la informaci&#243;n existente en la bibliograf&#237;a referente a los hemer&#243;bidos ib&#233;rico-baleares (74 referencias bibliogr&#225;ficas), datos que se exponen en cada una de las especies tratadas, recopilando, cronol&#243;gicamente ordenadas, todas las referencias bibliogr&#225;ficas existentes, a partir de las cuales recabamos toda la informaci&#243;n existente sobre cada una de ellas en nuestra fauna. Anotamos los autores de estas citas, su fecha de publicaci&#243;n y la/s p&#225;gina/s donde se aporta informaci&#243;n sobre su biolog&#237;a (bio), descripci&#243;n original (d), distribuci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica (dis), morfolog&#237;a del huevo (h), inclusi&#243;n en claves (key), larva (l), aparezca en un listado (list), morfolog&#237;a del imago (mf), pupa (p), simple referencia a alguno de los paises de la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica, o nota sobre la especie (rf), o su taxonom&#237;a (tx). Se obvian las rese&#241;as a la lista de especies actuales del mundo aportada por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0411">1990c</xref>), ya que en ella se anota para cada especie el pa&#237;s a partir del cual se describi&#243; la especie y son numerosas las especies ib&#233;ricas originariamente descritas de muchos otros pa&#237;ses, o en nuestro caso, fuera del &#225;mbito preninsular-balear.
</p>
			<p>En principio, y por las diferencias morfol&#243;gicas existentes en alguna de las diferentes especies que tratamos, cabr&#237;a suponer que las identificaciones dadas por los autores pret&#233;ritos son acertadas, sin embargo esta recopilaci&#243;n adjuntada es meramente informativa, y no siempre implica la total asunci&#243;n de sus contenidos, de hecho hacemos varias referencias a identificaciones y citas cuestionables, y anotamos un apartado final con citas err&#243;neas o dudosas. Por todo ello, para evitar la utilizaci&#243;n de datos poco fiables citados en la bibliograf&#237;a y correr el riesgo de asumir como ciertos datos basados en identificaciones err&#243;neas o incorrectas, mezclando informaci&#243;n de unas y otras especies, y habida cuenta del abundante material que hemos estudiado (5338 ejemplares), para la realizaci&#243;n del estudio comparativo sobre la biolog&#237;a, fenolog&#237;a y distribuci&#243;n altitudinal y fenol&#243;gica de las especies ib&#233;ricas, s&#243;lo se ha tenido en cuenta el material revisado y estudiado por nosotros, sea el material que hemos estudiado perteneciente a diferentes colecciones e instituciones o sea el material recolectado por nosotros en los cuarenta &#250;ltimos a&#241;os en diferentes puntos de la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica y Baleares, y que en ambos casos ya ha sido publicado (4931 ejemplares), o sea el nuevo material in&#233;dito, por nosotros recolectado o estudiado, y que ahora anotamos (341 ejemplares). Tambi&#233;n puntualmente se ha tenido en cuenta alg&#250;n dato aportado por autores recientes de reconocida solvencia (66 ejemplares).
</p>
			<p>Salvo algunos ejemplares pertenecientes al Instituto Andaluz de Investigaci&#243;n y Formaci&#243;n Agraria, Laboratorio de Entomolog&#237;a Agraria, M&#225;laga, Espa&#241;a (IFAPA), el resto del material, citado permanece en la colecci&#243;n de V. J. Monserrat (depositada en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Espa&#241;a).
</p>
			<p>El material estudiado se cita ordenado alfab&#233;tica- y cronol&#243;gicamente, indic&#225;ndose en funci&#243;n de los datos de captura disponibles y por este orden: pa&#237;s, provincia/isla, localidad de captura, coordenadas, altitud en msnm (consideramos 10 m como dato a nivel del mar), fecha de captura, n&#250;mero de &#9794;&#9794;, de &#9792;&#9792; y/o de larvas estudiados, planta, substrato o medio sobre el que han sido recolectados (por econom&#237;a de espacio, los g&#233;neros de las plantas sobre las que se han hallado los ejemplares se citan apocopados, una vez han sido citados dentro de cada una de las especies mencionadas), recolector (por igual motivo, s&#243;lo se anota su recolector si no ha sido el autor de esta contribuci&#243;n) y, en su caso, instituci&#243;n a la que dicho material pertenece, seg&#250;n las siglas anteriormente anotadas. Cuando hemos estimado oportuno, tambi&#233;n se anota, como material complementario de comparaci&#243;n, otro material no ib&#233;rico-balear.
</p>
			<p>Para todas las especies se comentan los datos m&#225;s generales sobre cada una de ellas y, cuando lo hemos considerado necesario, los m&#225;s destacables sobre su morfolog&#237;a externa y/o variabilidad, y de todas ellas ilustramos sus segmentos genitales, y aportamos los datos conocidos y los ahora aportados sobre su biolog&#237;a, fases juveniles (en su caso conocidas) y su distribuci&#243;n fenol&#243;gica, altitudinal, y geogr&#225;fica en la zona, as&#237; como, en alg&#250;n caso, un apartado de discusi&#243;n, donde se anotan los datos que hemos considerado necesario comentar. Para las fenolog&#237;as de cada especie, no han sido considerados los ejemplares obtenidos <italic>ex ovo</italic> y cultivados artificialmente en condiciones no naturales.
</p>
			<p>Aunque existen datos en la morfolog&#237;a externa que ayudan a la identificaci&#243;n de las especies ib&#233;rico-baleares de esta familia, y as&#237; los utilizamos en las claves, el estudio de la genitalia es necesario para la segura y correcta identificaci&#243;n, especialmente en todas las especies de algunos g&#233;neros y en ejemplares inmaduros o escasamente pigmentados de algunas especies. Para ello se procedi&#243; a la separaci&#243;n de los &#250;ltimos cuatro segmentos del abdomen mediante disecci&#243;n. Si el material estaba conservado en seco se ha hidratado previamente durante 24 horas por inmersi&#243;n en agua, y posteriormente se han aclarado estos &#250;ltimos segmentos con hidr&#243;xido pot&#225;sico al 10% templado para acceder a las estructuras genitales. Una vez realizado este proceso hemos introducido la genitalia en glicerina dentro de un portaobjetos excavado para su observaci&#243;n mediante un estereo-microscopio ZEISS&#174; STEMI-SV8 con c&#225;mara clara de dibujo incorporada. En la genitalia anotada para cada especie, solamente indicamos los elementos que son habitualmente utilizados para la identificaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica.
</p>
			<p>Las fotograf&#237;as de realizaron por los autores que se indican, y en las p&#225;ginas web anotadas puede recabarse informaci&#243;n complementaria. Los dibujos se realizaron a mano alzada con c&#225;mara clara y, tras pasarse a tinta china sobre papel vegetal, se retocaron utilizando el programa de dise&#241;o Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo XI.
</p>
			<p>Para la ordenaci&#243;n sistem&#225;tica se sigue a Oswald (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>). Para la distribuci&#243;n general de las especies se ha seguido a Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>) y H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>), y sobre la preferencia de sustrato vegetal de las especies citadas puede consultarse Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>).
</p>
		</sec>
		<sec id="S0003">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>Los hemer&#243;bidos de la Pen&#237;nsula ib&#233;rica y Baleares. Listado de subfamilias, g&#233;neros, subg&#233;neros y especies</p>
			<p>Hemerobiidae Latreille, 1802</p>
			<p>Hemerobiinae Latreille, 1802</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;Hemerobius</italic> Linnaeus, 1758</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;</italic>Especie tipo: <italic>Hemerobius humulinus</italic> Linnaeus, 1758</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) bolivari</italic> Banks, 1910</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) contumax</italic> Tjeder, 1932</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) gilvus</italic> Stein, 1863
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) handschini</italic> Tjeder, 1957</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) humulinus</italic> Linnaeus, 1758</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) lutescens</italic> Fabricius, 1793
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) micans</italic> Olivier, 1792
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) nitidulus</italic> Fabricius, 1777</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) perelegans</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) pini</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) simulans</italic> Walker, 1853</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Hemerobius (Hemerobius) stigma</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<p>&#8195;<italic>Wesmaelius</italic> Kr&#252;ger, 1922</p>
			<p>&#8195;Especie tipo: <italic>Hemerobius concinnus</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;</italic>Subg&#233;nero <italic>Kimminsia</italic> Killington, 1937</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;</italic>Especie tipo: <italic>Hemerobius betulinus</italic> Str&#248;m, 1788
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) fassnidgei</italic> (Killington, 1933)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) helveticus</italic> (Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, 1964)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) malladai</italic> (Nav&#225;s, 1925)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) navasi</italic> (Andr&#233;u, 1911)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) nervosus</italic> (Fabricius, 1793)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) ravus</italic> (Withycombe, 1923)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) reisseri</italic> Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, 1982</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) subnebulosus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;</italic>Subg&#233;nero <italic>Wesmaelius</italic> Kr&#252;ger, 1922</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;</italic>Especie tipo: <italic>Hemerobius concinnus</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;Wesmaelius (Wesmaelius) concinnus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;Wesmaelius (Wesmaelius) quadrifasciatus</italic> (Reuter, 1894)
</p>
			<p>Sympherobiinae Comstock, 1918</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;Sympherobius</italic> Banks, 1904
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;</italic>Especie tipo: <italic>Hemerobius amiculus</italic> Fitch, 1855
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Sympherobius elegans</italic> (Stephens, 1836)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Sympherobius fallax</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1908</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Sympherobius fuscescens</italic> (Wallengren, 1863)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Sympherobius gayi</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1910</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Sympherobius klapaleki</italic> Zelen&#253;, 1963</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Sympherobius pellucidus</italic> (Walker, 1853)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Sympherobius pygmaeus</italic> (Rambur, 1842)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Sympherobius riudori</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915
</p>
			<p>Microminae Kr&#252;ger, 1922</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;Micromus</italic> Rambur, 1842</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;</italic>Especie tipo: <italic>Hemerobius variegatus</italic> Fabricius, 1793
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Micromus variegatus</italic> (Fabricius, 1793)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Micromus angulatus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Micromus lanosus</italic> (Zelen&#253;, 1962)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Micromus paganus</italic> (Linnaeus, 1767)
</p>
			<p>Megalominae, Kr&#252;ger, 1922</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;Megalomus</italic> Rambur, 1842</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;</italic>Especie tipo: <italic>Megalomus tortricoides</italic> Rambur, 1842</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Megalomus hirtus</italic> (Linnaeus, 1761)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Megalomus pyraloides</italic> Rambur, 1842</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Megalomus tineoides</italic> Rambur, 1842</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Megalomus tortricoides</italic> Rambur, 1842</p>
			<p>Drepanepteryginae Kr&#252;ger, 1922</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;Drepanepteryx</italic> Leach, 1815
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;</italic>Especie tipo: <italic>Hemerobius phalaenoides</italic> Linnaeus, 1758</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Drepanepteryx phalaenoides</italic> (Linnaeus, 1758)
</p>
			<p>Notiobiellinae Nakahara, 1960</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;Psectra</italic> Hagen, 1866
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;</italic>Especie tipo: <italic>Hemerobius dipterus</italic> Burmeister, 1839</p>
			<p>
				<italic>&#8195;&#8195;Psectra diptera</italic> (Burmeister, 1839)
</p>
			<p>
				<bold>Clave de g&#233;neros, subg&#233;neros y especies de Hemerobiidae de la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica e Islas Baleares</bold>
			</p>
			<p>Utilizamos caracteres lo m&#225;s accesibles y sencillos posibles, como es el caso de la morfolog&#237;a y venaci&#243;n alar que sean suficientes para llegar a nivel de g&#233;nero (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">Figs. 31-39</xref>), con el que, en el caso de los g&#233;neros monoespec&#237;ficos (<italic>Drepanepteryx, Psectra</italic>) se alcanza el nivel de especie (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Figs. 98, 99</xref>), por lo que no consideramos necesario incluir sus caracteres de su genitalia. Las figuras anotadas para acceder a los caracteres de venaci&#243;n o pigmentaci&#243;n alar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">Figs. 31-39</xref>) est&#225;n idealizadas con el fin de resaltar los caracteres empleados y hacerlos m&#225;s accesibles al lector. Para los restantes g&#233;neros se suman otros elementos complementarios de la pigmentaci&#243;n tegumentaria y alar (<italic>Hemerobius, Sympherobius, Micromus</italic>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Figs. 40-54</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">88-97</xref>), as&#237; como de la genitalia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Figs. 55-67</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">100-107</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0019">114-117</xref>) que es altamente recomendable, si no obligado, y que es imprescindible para los restantes g&#233;neros (<italic>Wesmaelius, Megalomus</italic>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">Figs. 68</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">87</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0019">110-113</xref>). Por ello, en estos g&#233;neros aportamos la genitalia para cada especie, y de ella solamente indicamos los elementos m&#225;s accesibles, y que son los habitualmente utilizados para la identificaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica.</p>
			<table-wrap id="T0001">
				
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">1</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con vena humeral recurrente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Figs. 14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">32</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">2</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores sin vena humeral recurrente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">31</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">6</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">2</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores marcadamente falcadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 11</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">33</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">98</xref>), con 10 o m&#225;s ramas del SR, campo costal con numerosas venillas conectadas por una serie de venillas transversales y 3 series de venillas gradadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">Figs. 33</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">98</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Drepanepteryx</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores no falcadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1-10</xref>), con menos de 10 ramas del SR, campo costal con venillas no conectadas por varias series de venillas transversales y 1 o 2 series de venillas gradadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">Figs. 34-39</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">3</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">3</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con campo costal ancho y 5 o m&#225;s ramas del SR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">34</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">108</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">109</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Megalomus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con campo costal estrecho y menos de 5 ramas del SR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">7-10</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">35-39</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">4</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">4</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas posteriores la Mp se bifurca muy distalmente respecto al origen de la primera rama del SR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">Fig. 36</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">5</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas posteriores la Mp se bifurca al mismo nivel que el origen de la primera rama del SR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">Fig. 37</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Wesmaelius</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">5</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con 5 o m&#225;s gradadas externas y vena basal entre R y M sobre el radio o anterior al origen de la primera rama del SR. Alas posteriores con varias venillas en la serie de gradadas externas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Figs. 14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">36</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">40-54</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Hemerobius</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con 4 o menos gradadas externas y vena basal entre R y M posterior al origen de la primera rama del SR. Alas posteriores sin, o como m&#225;ximo con una venilla en la serie de gradadas externas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">Figs. 35</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">88-97</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Sympherobius</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">6</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con 2 SR. Venillas del campo costal apenas bifurcadas, sin incrementar su n&#250;mero hacia el pterostigma. Campo subcostal con, al menos, 5 venillas transversales. Una serie de venillas gradadas. Alas posteriores a veces reducidas y rudimentarias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">38</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">99</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Psectra</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">
								<italic>-</italic>
							</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con 3 o m&#225;s SR. Venillas del campo costal bifurcadas en su mayor&#237;a, increment&#225;ndose su n&#250;mero hacia el pterostigma. Campo subcostal con 1-3 venillas transversales. Dos series de venillas gradadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">Fig. 39</xref>). Alas posteriores nunca reducidas o rudimentarias</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Micromus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
			<fig id="F0010">
				<label>Figs. 31-39</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Esquemas de los caracteres en la venaci&#243;n alar de diferentes g&#233;neros de hemer&#243;bidos (para facilitar al lector su interpretaci&#243;n, se potencian los elementos idealiz&#225;ndolos al resaltarlos en negro): 31: base del campo costal de las alas anteriores sin vena humeral recurrente; 32: &#237;dem, con vena humeral recurrente; 33: ala anterior de <italic>Drepanepteryx</italic>; 34: ala anterior de <italic>Megalomus</italic>; 35: alas de <italic>Sympherobius</italic>; 36: alas de <italic>Hemerobius</italic>; 37: ala posterior de <italic>Wesmaelius</italic>; 38: alas de <italic>Psectra</italic> (ejemplar braqu&#237;ptero); 39: ala anterior de <italic>Micromus</italic>. A diferentes escalas.</p>
					<p>Schemes of characters in the venation of different brown-lacewings genres (to facilitate the reader&#x2019;s interpretation, the idealized elements are highlighted in black): 31: base of costal area of the forewing without recurrent humeral vein; 32: ditto, with recurrent humeral vein; 33: forewing of <italic>Drepanepteryx</italic>; 34: forewing of <italic>Megalomus</italic>; 35: <italic>Sympherobius</italic> wings; 36: <italic>Hemerobius</italic> wings; 37: hind wing of <italic>Wesmaelius</italic>; 38: <italic>Psectra</italic> wings (brachypterous exemplar); 39: fore wing of <italic>Micromus</italic>. At different scales.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g010.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="F0011">
				<label>Figs. 40-54</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Esquemas idealizados de las alas de <italic>Hemerobius</italic> spp., donde se se&#241;alan los caracteres a seguir para la identificaci&#243;n de las especies ib&#233;rico-baleares del g&#233;nero.</p>
					<p>Idealized schemes of <italic>Hemerobius</italic> spp. wings, where characters that are useful to identify the Ibero-Balearic species of the genus are pointed out.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g011.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="F0012">
				<label>Figs. 55-67</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Esquema de la genitalia masculina y ectoprocto de <italic>Hemerobius</italic> spp., vista lateral: 55<italic>: H. marginatus</italic>; 56<italic>: H. bolivari</italic>; 57: <italic>H. lutescens</italic>; 58: <italic>H. gilvus</italic>; 59: <italic>H. humulinus</italic>; 60: <italic>H. perelegans</italic>; 61: <italic>H. simulans</italic>; 62: <italic>H. stigma</italic>; 63: <italic>H. pini</italic>; 64: <italic>H. contumax</italic>; 65: <italic>H. nitidulus</italic>; 66: <italic>H. handschini</italic>; 67: <italic>H. micans</italic> (epr: ectoprocto, S: esternito, T: terguito). Escala en mm para todas las figuras.</p>
					<p>Schemes of <italic>Hemerobius</italic> spp. male genitalia and ectoproct, lateral view: 55: <italic>H. marginatus</italic>; 56<italic>: H. bolivari</italic>; 57: <italic>H. lutescens</italic>; 58: <italic>H. gilvus</italic>; 59: <italic>H. humulinus</italic>; 60: <italic>H. perelegans</italic>; 61: <italic>H. simulans</italic>; 62: <italic>H. stigma</italic>; 63: <italic>H. pini</italic>; 64: <italic>H. contumax</italic>; 65: <italic>H. nitidulus</italic>; 66: <italic>H. handschini</italic>; 67: <italic>H. micans</italic> (epr: ectoproct, S: sternite, T: tergite). Scale in mm for all figures.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g012.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="F0013">
				<label>Figs. 68-72</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Esquemas de la genitalia masculina de <italic>Wesmaelius</italic> spp., vista lateral externa, vista lateral interna del ectoprocto y vista lateral del complejo gonarco-mediunco-entoprocesos: 68: <italic>W. fassnidgei</italic>; 69: <italic>W. concinnus</italic>; 70: <italic>W. quadrifasciatus</italic>; 71: <italic>W. ravus</italic> (ampliado extremo interno del ectoprocto en vista caudo-ventral); 72: <italic>W. navasi</italic> (ampliado extremo interno del ectoprocto en vista caudo-ventral) (ent: entoprocesos, epr: ectoprocto, gs: gonarco, med: mediunco, S: esternito, T: terguito). Escala 0,5 mm para todas las figuras.</p>
					<p>Schemes of <italic>Wesmaelius</italic> spp. male genitalia, external lateral view, inner lateral view of ectoproct and lateral view of gonarcus-mediuncus-entoprocessus complex: 68: <italic>W. fassnidgei</italic>; 69: <italic>W. concinnus</italic>; 70: <italic>W. quadrifasciatus</italic>; 71: <italic>W. ravus</italic> (magnified inner apex of ectoproct in caudo-ventral view); 72: <italic>W. navasi</italic> (magnified inner apex of ectoproct in caudo-ventral view) (ent: entoprocessus, epr: ectoproct, gs: gonarcus, med: mediuncus, S: sternite, T: tergite). Scale 0.5 mm for all figures.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g013.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="F0014">
				<label>Figs. 73-77</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Esquemas de la genitalia masculina de <italic>Wesmaelius</italic> spp., ectoprocto en vista lateral externa, ectoprocto en vista lateral interna y vista lateral del complejo gonarco-mediunco-entoprocesos: 73: <italic>W. malladai</italic>; 74: <italic>W. helveticus</italic>; 75: <italic>W. nervosus</italic>; 76: <italic>W. subnebulosus</italic>; 77: <italic>W. reisseri.</italic> Escala 0,5 mm para todas las figuras.</p>
					<p>Schemes of <italic>Wesmaelius</italic> spp. male genitalia, external lateral view of ectoproct, inner lateral view of ectoproct and lateral view of gonarcus-mediuncus-entoprocessus complex: 73: <italic>W. malladai</italic>; 74: <italic>W. helveticus</italic>; 75: <italic>W. nervosus</italic>; 76: <italic>W. subnebulosus</italic>; 77: <italic>W. reisseri.</italic> Scale 0.5 mm for all figures.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g014.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="F0015">
				<label>Figs. 78-87</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Esquemas de la genitalia femenina y placa subgenital en vista ventral de <italic>Wesmaelius</italic> spp.: 78: <italic>W. helveticus</italic>; 79: <italic>W. concinnus</italic>; 80: <italic>W. quadrifasciatus</italic>; 81: <italic>W. fassnidgei</italic>; 82: <italic>W. nervosus</italic>; 83: <italic>W. reisseri</italic>; 84: <italic>W. malladai</italic>; 85: <italic>W. subnebulosus</italic>; 86: <italic>W. navasi</italic>; 87: <italic>W. ravus</italic> (epr: ectoprocto, gl: gonap&#243;fisis laterales, S: esternito, sg: placa subgenital, T: terguito). Escala en mm para todas las figuras.</p>
					<p>Schemes of <italic>Wesmaelius</italic> spp. female genitalia and subgenital plate in ventral view: 78: <italic>W. helveticus</italic>; 79: <italic>W. concinnus</italic>; 80: <italic>W. quadrifasciatus</italic>; 81: <italic>W. fassnidgei</italic>; 82: <italic>W. nervosus</italic>; 83: <italic>W. reisseri</italic>; 84: <italic>W. malladai</italic>; 85: <italic>W. subnebulosus</italic>; 86: <italic>W. navasi</italic>; 87: <italic>W. ravus</italic> (epr: ectoproct, gl: lateral gonapophisses, S: esternite, sg: subgenital plate, T: tergite). Scale in mm for all figures.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g015.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="F0016">
				<label>Figs. 88-99</label>
				<caption>
					<p>88-95: Esquemas idealizados de las alas de <italic>Sympherobius</italic> spp., donde se se&#241;alan y potencian los caracteres a seguir para la identificaci&#243;n de las especies ibero-baleares del g&#233;nero. 88: especies de alas anteriores con tres ramas en el sector del radio; 89: especies de alas anteriores con dos ramas en el sector del radio; 90: <italic>S. fuscescens</italic>; 91: <italic>S. klapaleki</italic>; 92: <italic>S. riudori</italic>; 93: <italic>S. pellucidus</italic>; 94: <italic>S. fallax</italic>; 95: <italic>S. pygmaeus</italic>. 96-99: Alas de: 96: <italic>Sympherobius elegans</italic>; 97: <italic>Sympherobius gayi</italic>; 98: <italic>Drepanepteryx phalaenoides</italic>; 99: ejemplar braqu&#237;ptero de <italic>Psectra diptera</italic>. A diferentes escalas. Seg&#250;n Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>).</p>
					<p>88-95: Idealized schemes of <italic>Sympherobius</italic> spp. wings, where characters are drawn and highlighted to facilitate the identification of Ibero-Balearic species of the genus. 88: species with three radial sectors in fore-wings; 89: species with two radial sectors in fore-wings; 90: <italic>S. fuscescens</italic>; 91: <italic>S. klapaleki</italic>; 92: <italic>S. riudori</italic>; 93: <italic>S. pellucidus</italic>; 94: <italic>S. fallax</italic>; 95: <italic>S. pygmaeus</italic>. 96-99: Wings of: 96: <italic>Sympherobius elegans</italic>; 97: <italic>Sympherobius gayi</italic>; 98: <italic>Drepanepteryx phalaenoides</italic>; 99: brachipteran specimen of <italic>Psectra diptera</italic>. At different scales. From Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>).</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g016.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>G&#233;nero <italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius</bold>
				</italic>
			</p>
			<table-wrap id="T0002">
				
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">1</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores carentes de manchas m&#225;s oscuras sobre la membrana o la venaci&#243;n (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 8</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">40-42</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">2</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con alguna mancha m&#225;s oscura sobre la membrana o la venaci&#243;n (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">48</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">49</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">51-54</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">4</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">2</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Venaci&#243;n de las alas anteriores alternativamente pigmentada con cortos tramos p&#225;lidos y oscuros (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 8</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">42</xref>), ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 67</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H. micans</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">
								<italic>-</italic>
							</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Venaci&#243;n de las alas anteriores p&#225;lida, regularmente pigmentada con tenues puntos m&#225;s oscuros donde se inserta una seda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Fig. 41</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">3</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">3</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Regi&#243;n anterior de la cabeza parda, ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 65</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H. nitidulus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Regi&#243;n anterior de la cabeza negra, ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 66</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H.&#160;handschini</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">4</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Regi&#243;n central del t&#243;rax y abdomen en su regi&#243;n dorsal sin una banda media m&#225;s p&#225;lida, sino uniformemente parda, ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 62</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H. stigma</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Regi&#243;n central del t&#243;rax y abdomen en su regi&#243;n dorsal con una banda media m&#225;s p&#225;lida que el resto pardo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 4</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">5</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">5</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con abundantes manchas m&#225;s oscuras, algunas contactando con el margen alar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Figs. 48</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">49</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">52-54</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">6</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con abundantes sombras m&#225;s oscuras sobre las gradadas, pero sin que alguna contacte con el margen alar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Fig. 51</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">11</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">6</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas anteriores la venilla basal entre M y CU contacta tras la bifurcaci&#243;n de esta &#250;ltima (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Fig. 44</xref>), ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 61</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H. simulans</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas anteriores la venilla basal entre M y CU contacta antes de la bifurcaci&#243;n de esta &#250;ltima (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Figs. 14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">43</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">7</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">7</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas anteriores la venilla basal entre Sc y R es parda p&#225;lida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Fig. 47</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">8</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas anteriores la venilla basal entre Sc y R es negra oscura (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Fig. 50</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">9</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">8</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas anteriores la mancha oscura sobre el campo cubital se orienta hacia el extremo distal del ala (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">48</xref>), ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 58</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H. gilvus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas anteriores la mancha oscura sobre el campo cubital se orienta hacia la base del ala (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Fig. 49</xref>), ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 57</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H. lutescens</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">9</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas anteriores las venillas entre M-CUa y entre CUa-CUp no son ni paralelas ni coincidentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Fig. 52</xref>), ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 56</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H. bolivari</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas anteriores las venillas entre M-CUa y entre CUa-CUp son paralelas y casi siempre coincidentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Figs. 14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">53, 54</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">10</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">10</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Manchas de las alas anteriores fuertemente contrastadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Fig. 54</xref>), ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 60</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H.&#160;perelegans</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Manchas de las alas anteriores d&#233;bilmemente contrastadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Fig. 53</xref>), ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 59</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H. humulinus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">11</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas anteriores las venillas gradadas tienen trayectorias divergentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Fig. 45</xref>), ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 63</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H. pini</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">En las alas anteriores las venillas gradadas tienen trayectorias paralelas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0011">Fig. 46</xref>), ectoprocto masculino seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">fig. 64</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>H. contumax</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>G&#233;nero <italic>
					<bold>Wesmaelius</bold>
				</italic> (Aunque anotamos algunos datos complementarios de morfolog&#237;a, coloraci&#243;n y biolog&#237;a, la genitalia es necesaria para la identificaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica en ambos sexos).</p>
			<table-wrap id="T0003">
				
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">1</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores anchas, con amplio campo costal, y habitualmente con 4 (a veces 5) ramas del SR. En las alas posteriores la venilla basal entre R y SR+Ma se sit&#250;a en posici&#243;n distal a la primera rama del SR. Genitalia masculina con ectoprocto triangular, apuntado caudalmente y portador de un dent&#237;culo ventral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">Figs. 69, 70</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<bold>
									<italic>Wesmaelius</italic>&#160;(<italic>Wesmaelius</italic>)</bold>&#160;2</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores m&#225;s alargadas, con campo costal estrecho, y habitualmente con 3 (muy ocasionalmente 4) ramas del SR. En las alas posteriores la venilla basal entre R y SR+Ma se sit&#250;a en posici&#243;n basal a la primera rama del SR. Genitalia masculina con ectoprocto m&#225;s cuadrangular, no apuntado caudalmente y portador de un proceso m&#225;s o menos digitiforme (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">Figs. 68</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">71</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">77</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic><bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia</bold></italic> 3</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">2</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">T&#243;rax uniformemente pardo, sin una banda media dorsal m&#225;s p&#225;lida. Alas anteriores d&#233;bilmente manchadas de pardo p&#225;lido en las inmediaciones de sus venillas transversales y su margen externo, y venas longitudinales portando peque&#241;as puntuaciones m&#225;s oscuras. Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">fig. 69</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">fig. 79</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Wesmaelius&#160;(Wesmaelius)&#160;concinnus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">
								<italic>-</italic>
							</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">T&#243;rax pardo con una banda media dorsal m&#225;s p&#225;lida. Alas anteriores fuertemente manchadas de pardo oscuro, ampliamente extendidas a ambos lados de sus venillas transversales y su margen externo, y venas longitudinales portando peque&#241;as estr&#237;as m&#225;s oscuras. Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">fig. 70</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">fig. 80</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Wesmaelius&#160;(Wesmaelius)&#160;quadrifasciatus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">3</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con membrana pardo/canela muy p&#225;lida y muy d&#233;bilmente manchada algo m&#225;s oscuro en las inmediaciones de sus venillas transversales y su margen externo. Genitalia masculina con proceso distal del ectoprocto portador de dent&#237;culos bien individualizados seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">figs. 71, 72</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">figs. 86, 87</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">4</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con membrana parda fuertemente manchada de m&#225;s oscuro en las inmediaciones de sus venillas transversales y su margen externo. Genitalia masculina con proceso distal del ectoprocto portador de muy peque&#241;os dent&#237;culos no individualizados seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">figs. 68</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">73-77</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">figs. 78</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">81-85</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">5</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">4</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Especie asociada a medios litorales, x&#233;ricos y t&#233;rmicos. Genitalia masculina con proceso distal del ectoprocto portando un penacho c&#243;nico de dent&#237;culos en hilera cont&#237;nua y mediuncus portador de un dent&#237;culo ventral seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">fig. 72</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">fig. 86</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) navasi</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Especie de alta monta&#241;a. Genitalia masculina con proceso distal del ectoprocto portando un dent&#237;culo basal aislado de los restantes distales y mediuncus sin dent&#237;culo ventral seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">fig. 71</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">fig. 87</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) ravus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">5</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Proceso distal del ecoprocto en la genitalia masculina largo y digitiforme seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">figs. 75, 76</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">figs. 82, 85</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">6</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Proceso distal del ecoprocto en la genitalia masculina corto o triangular seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">figs. 68</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">73</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">74</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">77</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">figs. 78, 81, 83, 84</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">7</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">6</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Proceso distal del ecoprocto en la genitalia masculina acabado en forma de anzuelo seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">fig. 76</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">fig. 85</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) subnebulosus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Proceso distal del ecoprocto en la genitalia masculina acabado en forma roma seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">fig. 75</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">fig. 82</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) nervosus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">7</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Proceso distal del ecoprocto en la genitalia masculina espatulado y recurvado hacia el interior seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">figs. 68</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">77</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">figs. 81, 83</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">8</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Proceso distal del ecoprocto en la genitalia masculina recto y c&#243;nico seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">figs. 73, 74</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">figs. 78, 84</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">9</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">8</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Genitalia masculina con mediunco portador de una fuerte escotadura ventral seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">fig. 68</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">fig. 81</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) fassnidgei</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">
								<italic>-</italic>
							</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Genitalia masculina con mediunco sin escotadura ventral seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">fig. 77</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">fig. 83</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) reisseri</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">9</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Proceso distal del ecoprocto en la genitalia masculina algo m&#225;s corto que su margen inferior seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">fig. 73</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">fig. 84</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) malladai</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Proceso distal del ecoprocto en la genitalia masculina mucho m&#225;s corto que su margen inferior seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">fig. 74</xref>, placa subgenital de la genitalia femenina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">fig. 78</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) helveticus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>G&#233;nero <italic>
					<bold>Sympherobius</bold>
				</italic>
			</p>
			<table-wrap id="T0004">
				
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">1</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores el&#237;pticas, con tres sectores del radio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Fig. 88</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">2</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores ovoides, con dos sectores del radio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Fig. 89</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">5</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">2</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores sin sombras oscuras sobre la membrana a ambos lados de las venas gradadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Fig. 90</xref>). Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">fig. 103</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>S.&#160;fuscescens</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con sombras oscuras sobre la membrana a ambos lados de las venas gradadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Figs. 91-93</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">3</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">3</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Escapo y pedicelo mucho m&#225;s p&#225;lidos que el m&#225;s pardo flagelo. Alas anteriores apenas sin sombras oscuras sobre el margen posterior de la membrana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Fig. 91</xref>). Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">fig. 100</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>S. klapaleki</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Escapo y pedicelo igual de oscuros que el flagelo. Alas anteriores con sombras oscuras sobre el margen posterior de la membrana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Figs. 92, 93</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">4</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">4</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con sombras oscuras m&#225;s o menos cont&#237;nuas sobre el margen posterior de la membrana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Fig. 93</xref>). Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">fig. 104</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>S. pellucidus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con sombras oscuras marcadamente discont&#237;nuas sobre el margen posterior de la membrana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Fig. 92</xref>). Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">fig. 101</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>S. riudori</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">5</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con una venilla entre el radio y la horquilla de su primer sector (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Figs. 94, 97</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">6</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores sin una venilla entre el radio y la horquilla de su primer sector (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Figs. 95, 96</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">7</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">6</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores anchas y ovoides, con campo costal fuertemente convexo y dilatado en la base del ala (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Fig. 97</xref>). Membrana alar fuertemente variegada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Fig. 97</xref>). Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">fig. 107</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>S.gayi</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">
								<italic>-</italic>
							</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores m&#225;s estrechas y el&#237;pticas, con campo costal escasamente convexo y apenas dilatado en la base del ala (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Fig. 94</xref>). Membrana alar escasamente variegada, s&#243;lo intensamente a ambos lados de las venillas transversales y el margen posterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1, 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">94</xref>). Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">fig. 102</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>S. fallax</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">7</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Flagelo pardo, solo levemente m&#225;s p&#225;lido hacia el &#225;pice. Alas anteriores con venaci&#243;n parda cont&#237;nua, sin tramos m&#225;s p&#225;lidos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Fig. 96</xref>). Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">fig. 105</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>S. elegans</bold>
								</italic>&#x002A;</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Flagelo pardo en sus tercios basal y apical, y m&#225;s p&#225;lido hacia el centro. Alas anteriores con venaci&#243;n parda discont&#237;nua, con tramos m&#225;s p&#225;lidos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Fig. 95</xref>). Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">fig. 106</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>S. pygmaeus</bold>
								</italic>&#x002A;</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left"/>
							<td valign="top" style="left">&#x002A;Especies de pigmentaci&#243;n muy variable, los datos que se anotan corresponden a ejemplares &#8220;t&#237;picos&#8221;.</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left"/>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
			<fig id="F0017">
				<label>Figs. 100-107</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Esquemas de la genitalia masculina de <italic>Sympherobius</italic> spp., vista lateral: 100: S. <italic>klapaleki,</italic> ampliado proceso externo del ectoprocto; 101: proceso externo del ectoprocto de <italic>S. riudori</italic>; 102: <italic>S</italic>. <italic>fallax</italic>; 103: <italic>S. fuscescens</italic>; 104: <italic>S. pellucidus</italic>; 105: <italic>S. elegans</italic>; 106: <italic>S. pygmaeus</italic>; 107: <italic>S. gayi</italic>. (epr: ectoprocto, S: esternito, T: terguito)<italic>.</italic> A diferentes escalas.</p>
					<p>Schemes of male genitalia of <italic>Sympherobius</italic> spp., lateral view. 100: S. <italic>klapaleki,</italic> magnified external processus of ectoproct; 101: external processus of ectoproct of <italic>S. riudori</italic>; 102: <italic>S</italic>. <italic>fallax</italic>; 103: <italic>S. fuscescens</italic>; 104: <italic>S. pellucidus</italic>; 105: <italic>S. elegans</italic>; 106: <italic>S. pygmaeus</italic>; 107: <italic>S. gayi</italic>. (epr: ectoproct, S: sternite, T: tergite). At different scales.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g017.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>G&#233;nero <italic>
					<bold>Megalomus</bold>
				</italic> (&#218;nicamente los machos pueden identificarse con completa seguridad).</p>
			<table-wrap id="T0005">
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">1</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas fuertemente manchadas con sombras m&#225;s oscuras, incluso las posteriores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">108</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">2</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas d&#233;bilmente manchadas con sombras m&#225;s oscuras, apenas las posteriores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">109</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">3</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">2</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Margen dorso caudal del ectoprocto del macho levemente convexo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">Fig. 111</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>M. hirtus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Margen dorso caudal del ectoprocto del macho fuertemente convexo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">Fig. 110</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>M.&#160;tortricoides</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">3</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Extremo del ectoprocto del macho redondeado y romo, sin dientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">Fig. 113</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>M. pyraloides</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Extremo del ectoprocto del macho estrechado y acabado en varios dientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">Fig. 112</xref>)</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>M. tineoides</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
			<fig id="F0018">
				<label>Figs. 108-113</label>
				<caption>
					<p>108-109: Esquemas idealizados de las alas de <italic>Megalomus</italic> spp.: 108: con alas marcadamente manchadas; 109: con alas escasamente manchadas. Adaptado de Comstock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0086">1918</xref>). 110-113: Esquema de genitalia masculina de <italic>Megalomus</italic> spp., vista lateral: 110: <italic>M. tortricoides</italic>; 111: <italic>M. hirtus</italic>; 112: <italic>M. tineoides</italic>; 113: <italic>M. pyraloides.</italic> (epr: ectoprocto, S: esternito, T: terguito). Escala en mm para las figuras 110-113.</p>
					<p>108-109: Idealized schemes of <italic>Megalomus</italic> spp.: 108: with markedly shaded wings; 109: with sparsely shaded wings. Adapted from Comstock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0086">1918</xref>). 110-113: Schemes of male genitalia of <italic>Megalomus</italic> spp., lateral view: 110: <italic>M. tortricoides</italic>; 111: <italic>M. hirtus</italic>; 112: <italic>M. tineoides</italic>; 113: <italic>M. pyraloides.</italic> (epr: ectoproct, S: sternite, T: tergite). Scale in mm for figures 110-113.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g018.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>G&#233;nero <italic>
					<bold>Micromus</bold>
				</italic>
			</p>
			<table-wrap id="T0006">
				
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">1</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas alargadas y estrechas, con membrana hialina y con abundantes sombras aisladas m&#225;s oscuras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 7</xref>), alas anteriores con 3 ramas del SR. En las alas posteriores Mp fusionada por un tramo con Cua. Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0019">fig. 115</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>M.&#160;variegatus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas ovales, pardo- amarillentas, membrana con abundantes sombras m&#225;s oscuras formando l&#237;neas m&#225;s o menos irregulares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 6, 9</xref>), las anteriores con 4 o m&#225;s ramas del SR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">Fig. 39</xref>). En las alas posteriores Mp no fusionada por un tramo con Cua</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">2</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">2</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con 4 ramas del SR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">Fig. 39</xref>), membrana parda fuertemente variegada de m&#225;s oscuro y manchas pardas formando dibujos irregulares en forma de V (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 6, 9</xref>). Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0019">fig. 117</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>M. angulatus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con m&#225;s de 4 ramas del SR (5 o m&#225;s, muy raramente 4), membrana pardo-p&#225;lida escasamente punteada de m&#225;s oscuro y manchas pardas formando dibujos irregulares de aspecto variegado</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">3</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">3</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con manchas pardas fuertemente contrastadas. Alas posteriores con venaci&#243;n y membrana hialina, sin sombra parda sobre las gradadas externas y venas adyacentes. Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0019">fig. 116</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>M. lanosus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
							<td valign="top" style="left">Alas anteriores con manchas pardas escasamente contrastadas. Alas posteriores con venaci&#243;n y membrana hialina, pero con sombra parda sobre las gradadas externas y venas adyacentes. Genitalia masculina seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0019">fig. 114</xref>
							</td>
							<td>&#x2003;</td>
							<td valign="bottom" style="left">
								<italic>
									<bold>M. paganus</bold>
								</italic>
							</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
			<fig id="F0019">
				<label>Figs. 114-117</label>
				<caption>
					<p>Esquema de genitalia masculina de <italic>Micromus</italic> spp., vista lateral: 114: <italic>M. paganus</italic>; 115: <italic>M. variegatus</italic>; 116: <italic>M. lanosus</italic>; 117: <italic>M. angulatus</italic>. (epr: ectoprocto, S: esternito, T: terguito). Escala en mm para todas las figuras.</p>
					<p>Schemes of male genitalia of <italic>Micromus</italic> spp., lateral view: 114: <italic>M. paganus</italic>; 115: <italic>M. variegatus</italic>; 116: <italic>M. lanosus</italic>; 117: <italic>M. angulatus</italic>. (epr: ectoproct, S: sternite, T: tergite). Scale in mm for all figures.</p>
				</caption>
				<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201323-e026-g019.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>G&#233;nero <italic>
					<bold>Drepanepteryx</bold>
				</italic>
			</p>
			<p>Especie &#250;nica: <italic>D. phalaenoides</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 11</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">33</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">98</xref>)
</p>
			<p>G&#233;nero <bold>
					<italic>Psectra</italic>
				</bold>
			</p>
			<p>Especie &#250;nica: <italic>P. diptera</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0010">38</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">99</xref>)
</p>
			<p>
				<bold>Clave a nivel de g&#233;nero de las larvas de Hemerobiidae de la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica e Islas Baleares</bold>
			</p>
			<p>En funci&#243;n de los datos disponibles, las larvas de las especies de esta familia s&#243;lo pueden diferenciarse con seguridad a partir del segundo estad&#237;o (sin empodio en forma de embudo). Obviamente la quetotaxia cef&#225;lica y tegumentaria es diagn&#243;stica a nivel de g&#233;nero, y muchas especies poseen en vivo caracteres de pigmentaci&#243;n que son utilizados para su diferenciaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 12</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">21-28</xref>). Dado que la coloraci&#243;n (no estructural) se pierde en material conservado en alcohol y el acceso a la quetotaxia requiere cierta experiencia, hemos preferido aportar una clave general a nivel de g&#233;nero, utilizando caracteres sencillos f&#225;cilmente accesibles. Para el lector interesado, en cada especie se pormenoriza la informaci&#243;n disponible sobre sus estados preimaginales. M&#225;s informaci&#243;n en Gepp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0153">1984</xref>, 1986), Veenstra <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0713">1990</xref>) y Oswald &#38; Tauber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0591">2001</xref>). 
<table-wrap id="T0007">
					
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">1</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Antenas de notable mayor longitud que el ancho de la cabeza (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 12</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">19</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">21-24</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">26-28</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Antenas de menor o igual longitud que el ancho de la cabeza (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0007">Figs. 20</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">25</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">2</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Palpo labial apenas m&#225;s largo que la mand&#237;bula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0007">Fig. 20</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">
									<italic>
										<bold>Sympherobius</bold>
									</italic>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">
									<italic>-</italic>
								</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Palpo labial notablemente m&#225;s largo que la mand&#237;bula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">Fig. 25</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">
									<italic>
										<bold>Psectra</bold>
									</italic>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">3</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Antenas tanto o m&#225;s del doble de largas que la anchura de la cabeza (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">Figs. 21, 22</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">
									<italic>
										<bold>Micromus</bold>
									</italic>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Antenas menos del doble de largas que la anchura de la cabeza (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 12</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">19</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">23, 24</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">26-28</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">4</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Mand&#237;bulas una vez y media m&#225;s largas que la anchura cef&#225;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 12</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">23</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">
									<italic>
										<bold>Wesmaelius</bold>
									</italic>&#160;<bold>(</bold>
									<italic>
										<bold>Wesmaelius</bold>
									</italic>
									<bold>)</bold>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Mand&#237;bulas como mucho tan largas o m&#225;s cortas que la anchura cef&#225;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">Figs. 19</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">24, 26-28</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">5</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Palpo labial m&#225;s largo y m&#225;s ancho que la mand&#237;bula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">Fig. 24</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">
									<italic>
										<bold>Megalomus</bold>
									</italic>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Palpo labial de similar longitud y anchura o m&#225;s corto y estrecho que la mand&#237;bula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">Figs. 19</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">26-28</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">6</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Maxilas m&#225;s del doble del grosor de las mand&#237;bulas hacia la mitad de su longitud (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">Figs. 28</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">
									<italic><bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia)</bold></italic></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Maxilas como m&#225;ximo 1,8 veces m&#225;s gruesas que las mand&#237;bulas hacia la mitad de su longitud (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">Figs. 19</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">26, 27</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">7</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Longitud de las patas anteriores casi 2 veces la de cabeza + mand&#237;bulas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">Fig. 26</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">
									<italic>
										<bold>Drepanepteryx</bold>
									</italic>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td valign="top" style="left">-</td>
								<td valign="top" style="left">Longitud de las patas anteriores entre 1 y 1,5 veces la de cabeza + mand&#237;bulas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">Figs. 27</xref>)</td>
								<td>&#x2003;</td>
								<td valign="bottom" style="left">
									<italic>
										<bold>Hemerobius</bold>
									</italic>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<bold>Las especies de Hemerobiidae de la Pen&#237;nsula ib&#233;rica y Baleares</bold>
			</p>
			<p>Hemerobiinae Latreille, 1802</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) humulinus</bold>
				</italic> Linnaeus, 1758 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Figs. 14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">59</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 210 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0403">1985c</xref>: 91 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1204 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 291 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 46 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 127 (rf); Whittington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0725">2002</xref>: 380 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 56 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius humilis</italic> Linnaeus, 1758</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0526">1928a</xref>: 45 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius humuli</italic> Linnaeus, 1761</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Brauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0062">1876</xref>: 277 (rf); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0476">1904a</xref>: 125 (dis); Morton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0452">1912</xref>: 113 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0496">1915a</xref>: 50 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0500">1916a</xref>: 173 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0505">1917b</xref>: 87 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0508">1919a</xref>: 194 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>: 108 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 201 (key), 210 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0519">1924c</xref>: 129 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 98 (key), 103 (dis, mf); Nagler, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0459">1958</xref>: 302 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius humulinus</italic> Linnaeus, 1758</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 11 (rf); Throne, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0687">1971</xref>: 80 (rf); Canard &#38; Laud&#233;ho, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0072">1977</xref>: 72 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0383">1978a</xref>: 176 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0389">1980b</xref>: 184 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 46 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 82 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 106 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0350">1991b</xref>: 192 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 18 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio); Ribeiro, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0631">1997</xref>: 258 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 3 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 235 (bio, dis); Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>: 424 (bio, dis); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 52 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 160 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius humilinus</italic> Linnaeus, 1758 (lapsus)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 46 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Elemento hol&#225;rtico extendido desde Macaronesia a Jap&#243;n, y en Am&#233;rica desde Alaska a Guatemala. Parece ser relativamente euroica, aunque es m&#225;s frecuente en zonas boscosas y h&#250;medas, y est&#225; citada sobre gran variedad de plantas, a veces con&#237;feras, pero generalmente planifolios, y robles, avellanos, sauces, abedules, alisos, fresnos, arces, olmos y hayas en particular (la cita de Ribeiro, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0631">1997</xref> sobre <italic>Quercus coccifera</italic> en Alcoba&#231;a nos parece, cuanto menos, sorprendente). Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre III-X, en altitudes de hasta 2040 m. En nuestra fauna tiene una clara tendencia eurosiberiana con citas puntuales m&#225;s meridionales, y ha sido citada entre IV-X, en altitudes que oscilan entre 30-1500 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y las fases larvarias de esta especie fueron descritos por Smith (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0657">1923</xref>), Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>), Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>), Nakahara (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0464">1954</xref> como <italic>H. obtusus</italic>) y Agekyan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0004">1973</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) nitidulus</bold>
				</italic> Fabricius, 1777 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Fig. 65</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 216 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0403">1985c</xref>: 91 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1204 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0108">1986a</xref>: 1125 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1986b</xref>: 1137 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0105">1988a</xref>: 117 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">1988b</xref>: 222 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0436">1988</xref>: 90 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0437">1989</xref>: 51 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0348">1990</xref>: 224 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0349">1991a</xref>: 181 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 46 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0351">1995a</xref>: 114 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 133 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 57 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius nitidulus</italic> Fabricius, 1777</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Brauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0062">1876</xref>: 291 (rf); Dzi&#281;dzielewicz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0117">1891</xref>: 100 (rf); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0496">1915a</xref>: 50 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0501">1916b</xref>: 234 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>: 154 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0506">1917c</xref>: 40 (dis); Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 316 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>: 41 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0512">1921a</xref>: 65 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0513">1921b</xref>: 151 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0514">1922a</xref>: 193 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>: 108 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 201 (key), 207 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0519">1924c</xref>: 129 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 97 (key), 101 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0527">1928b</xref>: 99 (dis); Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 52 (rf); Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0753">1963</xref>: 62 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0754">1964</xref>: 328 (rf); Ohm &#38; Remane, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0574">1968</xref>: 221 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 17 (list), 92 (key), 93 (bio, dis), 97 (rf), 99 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0383">1978a</xref>: 175 (bio, dis); Morgan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0449">1980</xref>: 119 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0389">1980b</xref>: 184 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 35 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0396">1984b</xref>: 174 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0399">1984e</xref>: 159 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>: 103 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0413">1991a</xref>: 68 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 107 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 18 (dis); Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0345">1994</xref>: 254-302 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 3 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 235 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 52 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 160 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius haematicus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1908</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 118 (key), 119 (d); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Algunas de las citas existentes en nuestra fauna son francamente dudosas y/o cuestionables.</p>
			<p>Especie pale&#225;rtica occidental conocida de Europa, Chipre, y en Asia desde Anatolia hasta Mongolia y Kamtschatka. Asociada a con&#237;feras, especialmente <italic>Pinus, Picea</italic> y <italic>Larix</italic>. Recientemente se ha cuestionado molecularmente la identidad de esta especie respecto a <italic>H. handschini</italic> (Morini&#232;re <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0450">2014</xref>). Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre IV-X, en altitudes de hasta 2400 m. En nuestra fauna posee una amplia distribuci&#243;n, y ha sido citada entre III-X, en altitudes que oscilan entre 120-2200 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo de esta especie y sus estadios larvarios fueron descritos por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>), Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>) y B&#228;nsch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0046">1964</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) micans</bold>
				</italic> Olivier, 1792 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 8</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">67</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0403">1985c</xref>: 91 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1205 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0108">1986a</xref>: 1125 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1986b</xref>: 1137 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 291 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0348">1990</xref>: 224 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 47 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0351">1995a</xref>: 115 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 235 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 57 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius micans</italic> Olivier, 1792</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Brauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0062">1876</xref>: 291 (rf); Dzi&#281;dzielewicz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0117">1891</xref>: 100 (rf); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0477">1904b</xref>: 143 (dis); Lucas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0317">1906</xref>: 277 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 118 (key), 119 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0483">1909a</xref>: 175 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0484">1909b</xref>: 376 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0489">1913a</xref>: 81 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0490">1913b</xref>: 67 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0493">1914b</xref>: 34 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0494">1914c</xref>: 212 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0500">1916a</xref>: 173 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0502">1916c</xref>: 189 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0505">1917b</xref>: 87 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0508">1919a</xref>: 194 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0510">1919c</xref>: 42 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0515">1922b</xref>: 109 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0516">1923</xref>: 8 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>: 108 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 201 (key), 206 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0520">1924d</xref>: 25 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 97 (key), 101 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0527">1928b</xref>: 99 (dis); Mosely, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0455">1932a</xref>: 282 (dis); Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0754">1964</xref>: 327 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 17 (list), 92 (key), 97 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 35 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986b</xref>: 103 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 82 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 107 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0350">1991b</xref>: 192 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 18 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 3 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 235 (bio, dis); Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>: 424 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 52 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 160 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius micans conspicua</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0498">1915c</xref>: 247 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0502">1916c</xref>: 189 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0515">1922b</xref>: 109 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 206 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 101 (dis, mf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0401">1985a</xref>: 240 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius micans fuscinervis</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0498">1915c</xref>: 248 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0516">1923</xref>: 8 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nuevo material estudiado: <bold>ESPA&#209;A</bold>: <bold>Guip&#250;zcoa</bold>, Ir&#250;n, Otzarte, Aiako Harria P.N., 30TWN9994, 500 m, 26.V.2014, 1&#9792; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 8</xref>), 6.VI.2014, 1&#9794;, 1&#9792;, 7.VII.2014, 1&#9794;, 27.VII.2014, 1 m, todos sobre <italic>Quercus pyrenaica</italic>, S. Pagola.
</p>
			<p>Quiz&#225;s por un lapsus, no est&#225; recogida de Espa&#241;a o Portugal por Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 217) ni por H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 134).
</p>
			<p>Elemento sib&#233;rico occidental, conocido desde Europa hasta Anatolia, Armenia e Ir&#225;n. Generalmente asociado a planifolios en medios h&#250;medos, especialmente a <italic>Fagus sylvatica,</italic> a quien acompa&#241;a en su distribuci&#243;n (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 8</xref>). Especie mayoritariamente citada entre III-XI, en altitudes de hasta 3200 m. En nuestra fauna tiene una clara tendencia eurosiberiana con citas puntuales algo m&#225;s meridionales, ha sido citada entre IV-X, en altitudes que oscilan entre 120-2000 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y los estadios larvarios de esta especie fueron descritos por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>), Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>) y B&#228;nsch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0046">1964</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) lutescens</bold>
				</italic> Fabricius, 1793 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Fig. 57</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 218 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0403">1985c</xref>: 91 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1205 (dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 291 (dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 47 (bio, dis); Monserrat, 1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 135 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 56 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 289 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius lutescens</italic> Fabricius, 1793</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>
					Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0495">1914d</xref>: 188 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0496">1915a</xref>: 50 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0500">1916a</xref>: 173 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0502">1916c</xref>: 189 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0506">1917c</xref>: 40 (dis); Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 316 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0505">1917b</xref>: 87 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>: 41 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0508">1919a</xref>: 194 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0512">1921a</xref>: 65 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0513">1921b</xref>: 151 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0515">1922b</xref>: 109 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0516">1923</xref>: 8 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>: 108 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 201 (key), 209 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0520">1924d</xref>: 25 (dis),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 98 (key), 102 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0522">1925b</xref>: 135 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0523">1927a</xref>: 97 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0536">1932</xref>: 15 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0383">1978a</xref>: 176 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 35 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 82 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 107 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>: 76 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>: 424 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 160 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie pale&#225;rtica occidental y central, conocida desde Europa y Anatolia al C&#225;ucaso y Mongolia. Marcadamente euroica, est&#225; asociada a planifolios en medios h&#250;medos. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada sobre robles y otros planifolios, entre IV-X, en altitudes de hasta 2400 m. En nuestra fauna tiene una clara tendencia eurosiberiana con citas puntuales m&#225;s meridionales, y ha sido citada entre V-IX, en altitudes que oscilan entre 10-1620 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y los estadios larvarios de esta especie fueron descritos por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>) y Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) stigma</bold>
				</italic> Stephens, 1836 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Fig. 62</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 212 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0403">1985c</xref>: 91 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1206 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0108">1986a</xref>: 1125 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1986b</xref>: 1137 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0435">1987</xref>: 179 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0105">1988a</xref>: 117 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">1988b</xref>: 222 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 219 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0436">1988</xref>: 91 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0437">1989</xref>: 51 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 292 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0348">1990</xref>: 224 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0349">1991a</xref>: 181 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 47 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0351">1995a</xref>: 115 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0352">1995b</xref>: 38 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 130 (rf); Whittington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0725">2002</xref>: 380 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 59 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 290 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius stigma</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>McLachlan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0363">1899</xref>: 150 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0364">1902a</xref>: 131 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 119 (dis, key); King &#38; Halbert, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0263">1910</xref>: 75 (dis); Morton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0452">1912</xref>: 113 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0497">1915b</xref>: 470 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0500">1916a</xref>: 173 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0505">1917b</xref>: 87 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0506">1917c</xref>: 40 (dis); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>: 41 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0508">1919a</xref>: 194 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0512">1921a</xref>: 65 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0513">1921b</xref>: 151 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0515">1922b</xref>: 109 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0516">1923</xref>: 8 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>: 108 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 201 (key), 211 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0519">1924c</xref>: 130 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 98 (key), 104 (bio, dis, mf); Nakahara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0467">1960a</xref>: 42 (rf); Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0753">1963</xref>: 61 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 17 (list), 92 (key), 98 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0383">1978a</xref>: 175 (bio, dis); Morgan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0449">1980</xref>: 119 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0389">1980b</xref>: 184 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0391">1981</xref>: 153 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0392">1982</xref>: 75 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 35 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0396">1984b</xref>: 174 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0398">1984d</xref>: 98 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0399">1984e</xref>: 160 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1218 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>: 104 (rf, tx), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0407">1987</xref>: 135 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 82 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 108 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 19 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0345">1994</xref>: 254-302 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Mendel <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0368">1997</xref>: 231 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 4 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>: 76 (rf); Branco <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0055">2006a</xref>: 181 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0056">2006b</xref>: 2 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 235 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>: 171 (bio, dis, tx), 172 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 52 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 160 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius limbatus</italic> Wesmael, 1841</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>McLachlan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0362">1880</xref>: 107 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius buissoni</italic> (Nav&#225;s, 1909)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>: 154 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius buyssoni</italic> (Nav&#225;s, 1909)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 316 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0504">1917a</xref>: 165 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius periphericus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1913</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0489">1913a</xref>: 81 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>: 108 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 201 (key), 212 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 98 (key), 104 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 17 (list), 92 (key), 97 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0401">1985a</xref>: 240 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) canadai</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1924</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 16 (rf, tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius canadai</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1924</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 316 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>: 171 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius ca&#241;adai</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1924 (lapsus)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>: 106 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 98 (key), 103 (bio, dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0528">1929a</xref>: 1421 (list); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1218 (rf, tx), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>: 171 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nuevo material estudiado: <bold>ESPA&#209;A</bold>: <bold>Granada</bold>, Acebuche, 287 m, 13.IV.2014, 2&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>Pinus halepensis</italic>, 1.IX.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, Collado de la Sabina, 30SVG60, 2050 m, 18.VII.2014, 2&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. sylvestris</italic>, Presa de Rules 280 m, 13.IV.2014, 2&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 18.VII.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 1.IX.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 1.IX.2014, 9&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 1.IX.2014, 9&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, V&#233;lez de Benaudalla, 350 m, 13.IV.2014, 1&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 18.VII.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 5&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 1.IX.2014, 3&#9794;&#9794;, 6&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 1.IX.2014, 3&#9794;&#9794;, 6&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>. <bold>Madrid</bold>, El Escorial, Abantos, 19.VI.2014, 1&#9792; sobre <italic>P. sylvestris</italic>, F. Acevedo (VM). <bold>M&#225;laga</bold>, Co&#237;n, 50 m, 1.V.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, Frigiliana, 340 m, 2.V.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, Maro, 2.V.2014, 2&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 1&#9794;, 5&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, Pinos de Alhaur&#237;n, 220 m, 2.V.2014, 2&#9794;&#9794;, 6&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>. <bold>Tarragona</bold>, La Selva del Camp, 41&#176;13&#8242;0767&#8243;N 1&#176;08&#8242;3694&#8243;E, 224 m, 16.XI.2007, 1&#9792;, N. Ca&#241;ellas, 16.XII.2007, 1&#9792;, 20.X.2010, 1&#9792;, todos sobre <italic>Citrus clementina</italic>, N. Ca&#241;ellas.
</p>
			<p>Conviene indicar un par de cuestiones faun&#237;sticas y taxon&#243;micas en relaci&#243;n con esta especie y sus abundantes citas y sinonimias. Por una parte, alguna de estas citas han sido cuestionadas, descartadas o corregidas, y as&#237; la de Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>) fue asignada a <italic>Hemerobius contumax</italic> por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>: 104) o la de <italic>Hemerobius marginatus</italic> Stephens, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0670">1836</xref> que refiere Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>: 172) o la de <italic>Hemerobius strigosus</italic> Zetterstedt, 1840 de Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0480">1905c</xref>), que comentaremos m&#225;s adelante. Por otra parte debemos anotar que, al margen del controvertido historial taxon&#243;mico del g&#233;nero <italic>Hemerodomia</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1909 y su especie tipo por monotipia: <italic>Hemerodomia buyssoni</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1909 (Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0485">1909c</xref>; Banks, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0039">1913b</xref>; Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0504">1917a</xref>; Nakahara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0467">1960a</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>; Oswald &#38; Penny, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0590">1991</xref>; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0581">1993a</xref>; H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0587">2013a</xref>), no asumimos la hist&#243;rica asociaci&#243;n entre <italic>Hemerobius buyssoni</italic> (Nav&#225;s, 1909) = <italic>Hemerodomia buyssoni</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1909 y la especie que ahora tratamos (<italic>H. stigma</italic>), seg&#250;n anotaron Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>), Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>), Nakahara (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0467">1960a</xref>), Barnard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0047">1978</xref>), Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>), H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>) y Oswald (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0587">2013a</xref>). Es cierto que Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0504">1917a</xref>) despu&#233;s de sinonimizar ambos g&#233;neros (<italic>Hemerobius</italic> y <italic>Hemerodomia</italic>) de una forma bastante <italic>sui g&#233;neris</italic>, y aportar nuevos elementos y dibujos sobre su presunta genitalia masculina, Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0504">1917a</xref>) inicialmente asigna a esta especie (<italic>H. buyssoni</italic>) ejemplares recolectados en <bold>L&#233;rida</bold> sobre pinos y abetos, y posteriormente, utilizando los mismos dibujos, Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>) sinonimiza ambas especies, y as&#237; esta sinonimia es recogida por los autores mencionados. Sin embargo, no nos parecen muy similares estos dibujos sobre la genitalia masculina (Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>) a lo conocido en <italic>H. stigma,</italic> asemej&#225;ndose m&#225;s a lo que conocemos en <italic>H. contumax</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Figs. 62, 64</xref>). Es cierto que las interpretaciones que su autor hace sobre la genitalia de especies posteriormente sinonimizadas a <italic>H. stigma</italic> son bastante subjetivas y particulares (ver por ejemplo <italic>H</italic>. <italic>canadai</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1924 en Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>). Por otra parte, y tras estudiar la serie tipo de <italic>H. buyssoni</italic>, esta especie fue considerada sin&#243;nima de <italic>H. atrifrons</italic> McLachlan, 1868 por Leraut (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0303">1982</xref>), especie que, a su vez, recientemente se ha cuestionado molecularmente su identidad respecto a <italic>H. contumax</italic> Tjeder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0695">1932</xref> (Morini&#232;re <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0450">2014</xref>). El tipo de <italic>Hemerobius buyssoni</italic> (Nav&#225;s, 1909) es de La Bourboule, departamento de Puy-de-D&#244;me, en la regi&#243;n de Auvergne, del centro de Francia, y los ejemplares que Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0504">1917a</xref>) asigna a esta especie son de San Juan del Yermo (Sant Joan de l&#x2019;Erm) en <bold>L&#233;rida</bold>, y si la opini&#243;n de Nav&#225;s fuera acertada (cosa que dudamos), habr&#237;a que asumir la presencia de <italic>H. atrifrons</italic> McLachlan, 1868 en nuestra fauna. Alguno de estos ejemplares citados por Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0504">1917a</xref>) fueron estudiados por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0406">1986c</xref>) asign&#225;ndolos a <italic>H. contumax</italic> Tjeder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0695">1932</xref>, seg&#250;n hemos anotado al principio, y tambi&#233;n, con id&#233;nticos datos de captura, Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>) cita otros ejemplares de <italic>H. nitidulus</italic> o <italic>H. stigma</italic>. Lo m&#225;s probable es que los ejemplares que cita Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0504">1917a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>) se refieran a <italic>Hemerobius contumax</italic> Tjeder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0695">1932</xref>, que tambi&#233;n ahora citamos de Pirineos de Huesca, L&#233;rida y Navarra sobre pinos y abetos, descartando, por el momento, la presencia de <italic>H. atrifrons</italic> en nuestra fauna.
</p>
			<p>Especie hol&#225;rtica, conocida desde las Islas de Macaronesia a Jap&#243;n y de Canad&#225; a Estados Unidos (introducida en Haw&#225;i: Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0413">1991a</xref>). Mayoritariamente asociada a con&#237;feras, especialmente a <italic>Pinus</italic>. Est&#225; citada a lo largo de todo el a&#241;o, en altitudes de hasta 3200 m. En nuestra fauna posee una amplia distribuci&#243;n, mayoritariamente acompa&#241;ando a las con&#237;feras, bien espont&#225;neas o de repoblaci&#243;n, y ha sido citada entre II-XI, en altitudes que oscilan entre 10-2900 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y sus estadios larvarios fueron descritos por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0734">1922b</xref>), Smith (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0657">1923</xref>, como <italic>H. stigmaterus</italic>), Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>), Laidlaw (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0292">1936</xref>) y Miller &#38; Lambdin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0374">1982</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0375">1984</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) gilvus</bold>
				</italic> Stein, 1863 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">58</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 218 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0403">1985c</xref>: 92 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1207 (bio, dis, rf, tx); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1986b</xref>: 1137 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0348">1990</xref>: 225 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 47 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 136 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 55 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius burmani</italic> Asp&#246;ck, 1963</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0383">1978a</xref>: 176 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius gilvus</italic> Stein, 1863</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 36 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0399">1984e</xref>: 160 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 82 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 108 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 19 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 4 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>: 76 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 236 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 52 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 160 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius occiduus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0498">1915c</xref>: 249 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0500">1916a</xref>: 173 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>: 108 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 201 (key), 208 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0519">1924c</xref>: 130 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 98 (key), 102 (dis, mf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 82 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Brauerobius marginatus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 17 (list), 102 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Como <italic>Brauerobius marginatus</italic> (Stephens, 1836) est&#225; err&#243;neamente citada de Guadarrama por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 17, 102), cita que es corregida por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1207) y es asignada a la especie que tratamos.
</p>
			<p>Elemento mediterr&#225;neo, probablemente holomediterr&#225;neo, conocido de Europa, Chipre, Anatolia y Armenia. Generalmente asociado a planifolios del g&#233;nero <italic>Quercus</italic> y <italic>Corylus</italic> en medios relativamente h&#250;medos. Es una especie mayoritariamente citada sobre planifolios, entre V-IX, en altitudes de hasta 1500 m. En nuestra fauna es conocida en la mitad septentrional de la pen&#237;nsula y ha sido citada entre V-IX, en altitudes que oscilan entre 20-2000 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo de esta especie fue descrito por Stephens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0670">1836</xref>) y Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) bolivari</bold>
				</italic> Banks, 1910 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">Figs. 19</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">56</xref>)
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius bolivari</italic> Banks, 1910
</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 159 (dis), 161 (bio, dis); Garcia <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0145">2013</xref>: 253 (rf), 254 (bio, dis, rf), 255 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nuevo material complementario estudiado: <bold>ARGENTINA</bold>: <bold>R&#237;o Negro</bold>, Cervantes, 39&#176;2&#x2019;42&#8221;S 67&#176;27&#x2019;22&#8221;W, XII-V 2011-2013, abundante material recolectado sobre perales, S. A. Garrido.
</p>
			<p>Especie frecuente, abundante, y en origen ampliamente distribuido por la Regi&#243;n Neotropical, desde M&#233;xico, Costa Rica, Guatemala y Panam&#225; a Tierra del Fuego, Islas Malvinas y Archipi&#233;lago de Juan Fern&#225;ndez (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0419">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0425">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>). Recientemente ha sido introducida, probablemente de forma accidental, en Portugal (Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>; Garcia <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0145">2013</xref>), donde se ha citado predando sobre ninfas de <italic>Thaumastocoris peregrinus</italic> Carpintero et Dellape, 2006 (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) sobre <italic>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</italic>. Desconocemos si esta potencialmente invasora especie ha mantenido en nuestras latitudes sus poblaciones, lo cual es muy probable, debido a su versatilidad y amplitud de sustratos sobre las que ha sido hallada en su zona de origen (<italic>Pinus, Austrocedrus, Tepualia, Drimys, Crataegus, Prosopis, Chusquea, Desfontainia, Jordina, Tamarix, Schimus, Amomirthus, Luma, Pilgerodendron, Nothofagus</italic>, etc., incluso cultivos de <italic>Coffea arabica</italic> L., <italic>Zea mays</italic> L., <italic>Ilex paraguariensis</italic> St. Hill., etc., y anotamos ahora recolectas sobre cultivos de perales), ya que se trata de una especie muy eurioica en la selecci&#243;n de h&#225;bitat y sustrato vegetal, y de amplio rango fenol&#243;gico (durante todo el a&#241;o) y altitudinal (10-3100 m) (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0419">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0425">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>; Lara &#38; Freitas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0294">2003</xref>). Su morfolog&#237;a, variabilidad y biolog&#237;a fue revisada por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0419">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>). Los datos existentes en la pen&#237;nsula (<bold>PORTUGAL</bold>: <bold>Lisboa</bold>, Tapada da Ajuda) corresponden a imagos <italic>ex larva</italic> sobre <italic>Eucalyptus</italic>, de V-VI, a 50 m.
</p>
			<p>Sobre sus estadios preimaginales, Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0430">2008b</xref>) describi&#243; la ultraestructura de su huevo, y sus estadios larvarios fueron descritas por Reguil&#243;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0626">2002</xref>), Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>) y Lara &#38; Freitas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0294">2003</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) handschini</bold>
				</italic> Tjeder, 1957 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Fig. 66</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 216 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1208 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0108">1986a</xref>: 1125 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1986b</xref>: 1137 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">1988b</xref>: 222 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 134 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 55 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 289 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius handschini</italic> Tjeder, 1957</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Ohm, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0572">1973</xref>: 303 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0392">1982</xref>: 75 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 109 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 19 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 5 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 162 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nuevo material estudiado: <bold>ESPA&#209;A</bold>: <bold>Granada</bold>, Acebuche, 287 m, 13.IV.2014, 2&#9794;&#9794;, 5&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>Pinus halepensis</italic>, 1.IX.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 6&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>. <bold>M&#225;laga</bold>, Co&#237;n, 50 m, 1.V.2014, 4&#9794;&#9794;, 8&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, Frigiliana, 340 m, 2.V.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 6&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, Maro, 2.V.2014, 4&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 1&#9794;, 5&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>.
</p>
			<p>Elemento com&#250;n en el Mediterr&#225;neo septentrional, extendido a Anatolia y Corea. Recientemente se ha cuestionado molecularmente la identidad de esta especie frente a <italic>H. nitidulus</italic> (Morini&#232;re <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0450">2014</xref>). Com&#250;nmente asociado a con&#237;feras del g&#233;nero <italic>Pinus</italic>. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre IV-IX, en altitudes de hasta 2200 m. En nuestra fauna est&#225; mayoritariamente citada sobre con&#237;feras, y tiene una distribuci&#243;n con mayor tendencia mediterr&#225;nea que atl&#225;ntica, y ha sido citada entre IV-X, en altitudes que oscilan entre 10-2400 m.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) contumax</bold>
				</italic> Tjeder, 1932 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Fig. 64</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 213 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1207 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 48 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 131 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0431">2010</xref>: 24 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 54 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius contumax</italic> Tjeder, 1932</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 36 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>: 104 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 109 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 235 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 52 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius stigma</italic> Stephens, 1936</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>: 41, seg&#250;n anota Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>A esta especie pertenece alguna cita err&#243;nea, como la dada por Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>) como <italic>Hemerobius stigma</italic> Stephens, 1936, seg&#250;n anota Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>: 104). Recientemente se ha cuestionado molecularmente la identidad de esta especie respecto a <italic>H. atrifrons</italic> McLachlan, 1868 (Morini&#232;re <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0450">2014</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Elemento conocido de Europa y Anatolia. Asociada a con&#237;feras (<italic>Larix, Abies, Pinus, Picea</italic>), est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-IX, en altitudes de hasta 2000 m. En nuestra fauna ha sido puntualmente citada en medios montanos extramediterr&#225;neos (Pirineos de Huesca, L&#233;rida y Navarra) sobre abeto (<italic>Abies</italic>), entre VI-VIII, en altitudes que oscilan entre 989-1537 m.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) perelegans</bold>
				</italic> Stephens, 1836 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Fig. 60</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0403">1985c</xref>: 91 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1207 (rf); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 128 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 58 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius perelegans</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 24 (rf); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 52 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Elemento europeo extendido hasta Mongolia. Es una especie mayoritariamente citada sobre abedules y con&#237;feras, entre V-VIII, en altitudes de hasta 2200 m. En nuestra fauna tiene una clara tendencia eurosiberiana, aunque ha sido muy escasamente citada, bien sobre <italic>Alnus, Abies</italic> o <italic>Quercus,</italic> entre VI-VIII, en altitudes que oscilan entre 120-802 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1934b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) pini</bold>
				</italic> Stephens, 1836 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Fig. 63</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1207 (rf); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 131 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 58 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius pini</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 43 (&#191;rf?); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 35 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 52 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Elemento europeo extendido a Anatolia, Siberia y Mongolia. Es una especie marcadamente asociada a con&#237;feras (<italic>Picea, Abies, Pinus</italic>), y est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-X, en altitudes de hasta 3200 m. En nuestra fauna ha sido citada en Pirineos (Navarra, L&#233;rida), entre V-VIII, en altitudes que oscilan entre 725-1300 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0231">1932g</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>) y Gepp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0155">1990</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Hemerobius) simulans</bold>
				</italic> Walker, 1853 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">Figs. 27</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">61</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1207 (rf); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 47 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 129 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 59 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius simulans</italic> Walker, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0718">1853</xref>
			</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0226">1932b</xref>: 176 (&#191;rf?), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 24 (&#191;rf?); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 35 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 108 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 19 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Elemento hol&#225;rtico conocido desde Europa a Siberia, Mongolia y Kamchatka en Asia, y de Alaska a Canad&#225; y Estados Unidos en el norte de Am&#233;rica. Especie asociada a con&#237;feras, preferentemente <italic>Larix</italic> y <italic>Picea</italic>, y a planifolios como robles en medios h&#250;medos, y est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre III-X, en altitudes de hasta 2000 m. En nuestra fauna ha sido citada en Pirineos (L&#233;rida, Huesca) sobre <italic>Fagus, Betula, Abies</italic>, entre VIII-IX, en altitudes que oscilan entre 1200-1620 m.
</p>
			<p>Los estadios larvarios de esta especie fueron descritos por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0226">1932b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) subnebulosus</bold>
				</italic> (Stephens, 1836) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 10</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">76</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">85</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0383">1978a</xref>: 175 (bio, dis); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 204 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0388">1980a</xref>: 173 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0389">1980b</xref>: 185 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0391">1981</xref>: 153 (bio, dis); Campos &#38; Ramos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0067">1983</xref>: 220 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 34 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0396">1984b</xref>: 173 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0398">1984d</xref>: 98 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0399">1984e</xref>: 159 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0402">1985b</xref>: 87 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0403">1985c</xref>: 92 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1209 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>: 104 (dis, tx); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0108">1986a</xref>: 1125 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1986b</xref>: 1138 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0407">1987</xref>: 136 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0435">1987</xref>: 179 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0436">1988</xref>: 90 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0437">1989</xref>: 50 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0105">1988a</xref>: 116 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">1988b</xref>: 221 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 218 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 292 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0348">1990</xref>: 224 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0349">1991a</xref>: 181 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 97 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 46 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0351">1995a</xref>: 114 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0352">1995b</xref>: 40 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 143 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>: 75 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 71 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 290 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Boriomyia subnebulosa</italic> (Stephens, 1836)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 120 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0484">1909b</xref>: 376 (dis); Andr&#233;u, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">1911</xref>: 58 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0487">1911</xref>: 208 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0489">1913a</xref>: 82 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0490">1913b</xref>: 76 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0492">1914a</xref>: 40 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0493">1914b</xref>: 34 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0494">1914c</xref>: 212 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0495">1914d</xref>: 188 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0496">1915a</xref>: 50 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0500">1916a</xref>: 172 (dis); Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 316 (dis); Esben-Petersen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0128">1931</xref>: 3 (dis); Ohm, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0571">1967</xref>: 243 (dis); Laffranque &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0291">1975</xref>: 332 (rf); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0073">1979</xref>: 611 (rf); S&#233;m&#233;ria &#38; Berland, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0651">1988</xref>: 154 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius subnebulosus</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>McLachlan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0362">1880</xref>: 107 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0363">1899</xref>: 79 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0365">1902b</xref>: 33 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0476">1904a</xref>: 127 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0478">1905a</xref>: 506 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0480">1905c</xref>: 35 (dis, mf); King &#38; Halbert, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0263">1910</xref>: 75 (rf); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>: 154 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0505">1917b</xref>: 87 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>: 41 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0508">1919a</xref>: 194 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0510">1919c</xref>: 42 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0515">1922b</xref>: 109 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>: 108 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 200 (key), 202 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0519">1924c</xref>: 129 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0520">1924d</xref>: 25 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 97 (key), 99 (mf, rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0524">1927b</xref>: 123 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0525">1927c</xref>: 113 (dis, tx), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0534">1931a</xref>: 120 (dis); Vidal y L&#243;pez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0715">1943</xref>: 23 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius subnebulosus lucida</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1919</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0511">1919d</xref>: 222 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 202 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 100 (dis, mf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0401">1985a</xref>: 240 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius subnebulosus obscura</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1917</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>
					Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>: 154 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0504">1917a</xref>: 164 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0514">1922a</xref>: 193 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 203 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 99 (dis, mf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0401">1985a</xref>: 240 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Kimminsia subnebulosa</italic> (Stephens, 1836)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 18 (list), 86 (key), 88 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0386">1979a</xref>: 411 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Kimminsia subnebulosa lucida</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1919</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 90 (list); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Mucropalpus distinctus</italic> Rambur, 1842</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Rambur, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0625">1842</xref>: 421 (d); Costa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0087">1855</xref>: 10 (rf); Rosenhauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0638">1856</xref>: 367 (rf); Pictet, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0612">1865</xref>: 56 (dis, tx); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1208 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 104 (rf), 105 (tx); Klimaszewski &#38; Kevan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0267">1987a</xref>: 169 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius distinctus</italic> (Rambur, 1842)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Walker, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0718">1853</xref>: 295 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius subnebulosus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0392">1982</xref>: 75 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>: 209 (rf); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1208, 1209 (rf), Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0346">1987</xref>: 350-359 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 87 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0413">1991b</xref>: 104 (rf), 105 (bio, dis, tx); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0350">1991b</xref>: 192 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 12 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0438">1999</xref>: 38 (rf), 41 (rf), 42 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 8 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 237 (bio, dis); Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>: 424 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 52 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 162 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nuevo material estudiado: <bold>ESPA&#209;A</bold>: <bold>Granada</bold>, Acebuche, 287 m, 13.IV.2014, 2&#9794;&#9794;, 2&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>Pinus halepensis</italic>, 1.IX.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, La Herradura, Punta de la Mona, 30SVF36, 200 m, 5.IV.2015, 1&#9794; a la luz, 13.IV.2015, 1&#9792; a la luz, 17.IV.2015, 1&#9794; a la luz, 4.V.2015, 2&#9794;&#9794; a la luz, Presa de Rules 280 m, 13.IV.2014, 2&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 18.VII.2014, 5&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 1.IX.2014, 2&#9794;&#9794;, 2&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, V&#233;lez de Benaudalla, 350 m, 13.IV.2014, 1&#9794;, 2&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>Olea europaea</italic>, 18.VII.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, 1.IX. 2014, 1&#9794;, 2&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>. <bold>Madrid</bold>, Rivas Vaciamadrid, 15.VI.2013, 1&#9794;, J.I.L. Col&#243;n, San Fernando de Henares, 27.V.2012, 1&#9792;, J.I.L. Col&#243;n (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 12</xref>). <bold>M&#225;laga</bold>, Co&#237;n, 50 m, 1.V.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>O. europea</italic>, Frigiliana, 340 m, 2.V.2014, 6&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>O. europea</italic>, Maro, 2.V.2014, 2&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>O. europea</italic>, 1&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>, Pinos de Alhaur&#237;n, 220 m, 2.V.2014, 2&#9794;&#9794;, 3&#9792;&#9792; sobre <italic>P. halepensis</italic>. <bold>Tarragona</bold>, La Selva del Camp, 41&#176;13&#8242;0767&#8243;N 1&#176;08&#8242;3694&#8243;E, 224 m, 20.I.2007, 1&#9794;, 16.XI.2007, 1&#9792;, 14.XII.2007, 1&#9794;, 15.I.2008, 1&#9792;, 12.II.2008, 1&#9792;, 14.V.2008, 1&#9792;, 15.V.2008, 1&#9792;, 16.VI.2008, 1&#9792;, 7.III.2011, 1&#9792;, todos sobre <italic>Citrus clementina</italic>, N. Ca&#241;ellas. <bold>Zaragoza</bold>, Bagu&#233;s, La Parueta, Vallatanso, 30TXN7212, 760 m, 26.VI.2014, 1&#9792; sobre <italic>Quercus faginea</italic>, S. Pagola.
</p>
			<p>Especie hol&#225;rtica, probablemente es introducida en Norte Am&#233;rica, y sin duda en Nueva Zelanda (Wise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0730">1973</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>). Significativamente eurioica y citada sobre multitud de sustratos vegetales diferentes. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre III-XI, en altitudes de hasta 2030 m. En nuestra fauna posee una muy amplia distribuci&#243;n, y ha sido citada sobre muy diversos sustratos vegetales, mayoritariamente entre V-IX, aunque en zonas costeras posee actividad en los meses de invierno, tanto machos como hembras, y ha sido recolectada en altitudes que oscilan entre 10-2100 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>), Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>), Frankenberg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0138">1937</xref>) y Laffranque &#38; Canard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0291">1975</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) navasi</bold>
				</italic> (Andr&#233;u, 1911) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">Figs. 16-18</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">28</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">72</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">86</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0387">1979b</xref>: 21 (bio, dis); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 11 (dis), 206 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0388">1980a</xref>: 173 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>: 209-222 (bio, dis, h, l, mf, p), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0398">1984d</xref>: 112 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0402">1985b</xref>: 87 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1211 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0407">1987</xref>: 136 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 219 (rf); Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0436">1988</xref>: 90 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0437">1989</xref>: 50 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0349">1991a</xref>: 181 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0351">1995a</xref>: 114 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0352">1995b</xref>: 38 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 144 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>: 75 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 69 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 290 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Boriomyia navasi</italic> Andr&#233;u, 1911</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Andr&#233;u, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">1911</xref>: 58 (d); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0488">1912</xref>: 531 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0499">1915d</xref>: 128 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0496">1915a</xref>: 68 (dis); Zacwilichowski, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0749">1938a</xref>: 244 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0750">1938b</xref>: 38 (dis); Meinander, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0367">1965</xref>: 60 (rf); Ohm, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0571">1967</xref>: 234 (rf), 237 (dis, mf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0401">1985a</xref>: 240 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Boriomya navasi</italic> Andr&#233;u, 1911 (lapsus)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0385">1978c</xref>: 62 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius navasi</italic> (Andr&#233;u, 1911)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>: 154 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>: 108 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 200 (key), 204 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 97 (key), 100 (dis, mf); Vidal y L&#243;pez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0715">1943</xref>: 23 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius navasi</italic> (Andr&#233;u, 1911)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0394">1983b</xref>: 126 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1208 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 87 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 104 (rf), 106 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 14 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio); Monserrat &#38; Deretsky, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0434">1999</xref>: 48 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 9 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 239 (bio, dis, tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 162 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>A esta especie debe asignarse el material de Tenerife que cita Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0481">1906</xref>: 701) como <italic>Boriomyia nervosa</italic> Fabricius, 1793, seg&#250;n menciona Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>). Tambi&#233;n a esta especie deben pertenecer algunas citas meridionales y litorales que se comentan en otras especies de este g&#233;nero, y tambi&#233;n dudamos de la correcta identificaci&#243;n de esta especie en L&#233;rida (Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>). Las citas de Sierra Nevada a 1500 m (Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>) y 2000-3200 m (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>) muy probablemente pertenecen a <italic>W. ravus,</italic> especie recientemente registrada a estas altitudes en esta zona.
</p>
			<p>Especie eremial conocida del l&#237;mite meridional de la Regi&#243;n Pale&#225;rtica occidental, desde Madeira y Canarias, sur de Europa, Marruecos y Argelia a Afganist&#225;n, Pakist&#225;n, Ir&#225;n y Mongolia. Mayoritariamente recolectada a la luz, es de biolog&#237;a muy poco conocida (casi siempre recolectada a la luz), y est&#225; marcadamente asociada a medios t&#233;rmicos y x&#233;ricos, tambi&#233;n en la pen&#237;nsula, donde posee una clara tendencia mediterr&#225;nea y se distribuye por su cuadrante sud-oriental. A veces se ha citado sobre plantas cultivadas (naranjos, albaricoques, olivos), tambi&#233;n sobre <italic>Quercus, Ceratonia</italic> y <italic>Tamarix</italic> (Andr&#233;u, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">1911</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0387">1979b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0407">1987</xref>; &#350;engonca, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0652">1979</xref>; Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0436">1988</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0437">1989</xref>). En la bibliograf&#237;a <italic>W. navasi</italic> ha sido citada a lo largo de todo el a&#241;o (salvo agosto) y desde 10 m hasta 1200 m en diferentes zonas ib&#233;ricas, macaron&#233;sicas y norteafricanas. En la pen&#237;nsula, y en los meses m&#225;s fr&#237;os, ha sido recolectada en enero y diciembre en C&#225;diz, Almer&#237;a y Murcia (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>). Posee pues actividad de los imagos a lo largo de todo el a&#241;o, al menos en el sur de Espa&#241;a. Probablemente est&#233; asociada a vegetaci&#243;n baja (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref> la cita bajo gram&#237;neas en Almer&#237;a) y con frecuencia ha sido recolectada en medios marcadamente antr&#243;picos.
</p>
			<p>La morfolog&#237;a de su huevo y sus estadios larvarios fueron descritos por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0393">1983a</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) ravus</bold>
				</italic> (Withycombe, 1923) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">Figs. 71</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">87</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 205 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1212 (rf); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 144 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>: 76 (rf, tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 70 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) rava</italic> (Withycombe, 1923)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Kimminsia rava</italic> (Withycombe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 18 (list), 85 (key), 87 (bio, dis, rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0384">1978b</xref>: 177 (bio, dis, mf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius ravus</italic> (Withycombe, 1923)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 24 (rf); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 162 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>A <italic>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) navasi</italic> habr&#237;a que asignar, con toda probabilidad, la referencia en Baleares de <italic>W. ravus</italic> de Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>, quiz&#225;s derivada de anteriores citas), y siempre nos han parecido muy cuestionables las &#8220;citas&#8221; dadas por estos autores en las zonas litorales de Galicia y Catalu&#241;a en el mapa de la ditribuci&#243;n general de <italic>W. ravus</italic> (Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 295), citas que refiere Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>) y que fueron posteriormente comentadas por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>) y Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>), y que sin duda habr&#237;a que adjudicarlas a otras especies de este g&#233;nero. Alguna de estas citas se comentar&#225;n al hablar de <italic>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) nervosus</italic>.
</p>
			<p>Especie hol&#225;rtica de distribuci&#243;n fragmentaria postglacial, citada en zonas elevadas (hasta 2400 m), desde Europa y Anatolia al C&#225;ucaso y Jap&#243;n. Aparentemente asociada a con&#237;feras de alta monta&#241;a, especialmente a <italic>Pinus,</italic> donde parece habitar en las ramas m&#225;s elevadas. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-IX. En nuestra fauna esta escasa, enigm&#225;tica y or&#243;fila especie fue citada en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica (Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid, a 1500 y 2100 m y Sierra Nevada (Granada, 2050 m) sobre <italic>P</italic>. <italic>sylvestris</italic> (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0384">1978b</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>). Conocida su presencia en Sierra Nevada, es muy probable que pertenezcan a esta especie los ejemplares del BMNH citados en esta zona por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>) como <italic>W. navasi</italic>. Est&#225; citada entre VI-VII.
</p>
			<p>Algunos datos sobre los estadios larvarios de esta especie fueron comentados por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) fassnidgei</bold>
				</italic> (Killington, 1933) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">Figs. 68</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">81</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 200 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1212 (rf); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 97 (dis?); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 140 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 72 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius fassnidgei</italic> (Killington, 1933)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Popov, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0618">1996</xref>: 210 (rf), 211 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 24 (rf), 25 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Citada del Pirineo oriental (Andorra, Francia) por Ohm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0571">1967</xref>) y Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>), citas comentadas por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>) y que fueron dudosamente incluidas en la zona ib&#233;rica de Pirineos por Canard <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>). Consideramos que su presencia en nuestra fauna deber&#237;a mantenerse a la espera, hasta que nuevos datos confirmen su presencia en la zona de estudio, y no se trate, en realidad, de <italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus</italic>.
</p>
			<p>Especie europea extramediterr&#225;nea. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada sobre con&#237;feras, especialmente <italic>Larix</italic>, <italic>Picea</italic> y <italic>Pinus</italic> (aunque ha sido mayoritariamente recolectada a la luz), entre V-X, en altitudes de 700 hasta 2100 m. En la fauna ib&#233;rica (Andorra) ha sido citada en VII, en altitud de 2100 m.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) helveticus</bold>
				</italic> (Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, 1964) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">Figs. 74</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">78</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 141 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 68 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius helveticus</italic> (Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, 1964)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 15 (dis), 17 (mf); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 24 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie centroeuropea extramediterr&#225;nea de car&#225;cter postglaciar, extendida hasta Anatolia, Armenia e Ir&#225;n. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada sobre con&#237;feras y vegetaci&#243;n de alta monta&#241;a, entre VII-IX, en altitudes de hasta 2000 m. En nuestra fauna ha sido puntualmente citada en la Sierra de Guadarrama (trampa de Malaise en un pinar de <italic>Pinus sylvestris</italic>) en VIII, a 1480 m.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) malladai</bold>
				</italic> (Nav&#225;s, 1925) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">Figs. 73</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">84</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0150">1977</xref>: 186 (&#191;rf?); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 34 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1212 (rf); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 97 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 142 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 69 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius malladai</italic> (Nav&#225;s, 1925)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie europea extendida hasta Anatolia y C&#225;ucaso. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada sobre con&#237;feras, especialmente <italic>Pinus</italic>, tambi&#233;n sobre enebros, robles, chopos, &#225;lamos y otros planifolios, entre V-X, en altitudes de hasta 2500 m. En nuestra fauna ha sido puntualmente citada en Pirineos (Huesca) sobre robles, en VIII, en altitudes que oscilan entre 1200-1390 m.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) nervosus</bold>
				</italic> (Fabricius, 1793) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">Figs. 75</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">82</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 46 (rf, tx), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1208 (bio, dis, tx); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 201 (rf); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 218 (rf); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 97 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 141 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>: 75 (rf, tx), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0431">2010</xref>: 25 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 70 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 305 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Boriomyia betulina</italic> (Str&#248;m, 1788)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Mosely, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0455">1932a</xref>: 282 (dis); Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1934b</xref>: 123 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 89 (rf); H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1964</xref>: 131 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 106 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Boriomyia (Kimminsia) betulina</italic> (Str&#248;m, 1788)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0753">1963</xref>: 63 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius betulinus</italic> Str&#248;m, 1788</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0525">1927c</xref>: 113 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0529">1929b</xref>: 32 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0530">1929c</xref>: 40 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>: 104 (rf, tx), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 106 (rf, tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius nervosus</italic> Fabricius, 1793</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Pictet, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0612">1865</xref>: 56, 108 (dis, mf, tx); Hagen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0189">1866c</xref>: 297 (dis, rf); Bol&#237;var, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0054">1878</xref>: 63 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 18 (list), 87 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 104 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Kimminsia betulina</italic> (Str&#248;m, 1788)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nakahara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0467">1960a</xref>: 52 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 18 (list), 86 (key), 87 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius nervosus</italic> (Fabricius, 1793)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1208 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 104 (dis, tx), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 12 (bio, dis), 17 (mf); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Por sus requerimientos ambientales (marcadamente eurosiberiana y extrat&#233;rmica), muchas de las citas antiguas existentes de esta especie (o sus sinonimias) en nuestra regi&#243;n, bien en la Pen&#237;nsula y/o en Baleares, incluso Canarias, resultaban dudosas o muy cuestionables, especialmente las dadas fuera de su regi&#243;n eurosiberiana. Las citas de Pictet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0612">1865</xref>), Hagen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0189">1866c</xref>) y Bol&#237;var (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0054">1878</xref>) de Navacerrada y San Ildefonso son dudosas, en especial porque mayoritariamente consideraban que <italic>Mucropalpus distinctus</italic> Rambur, 1842 [= <italic>Wesmaelius subnebulosus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)] era sin&#243;nima de la especie que tratamos, y la de Granada es muy cuestionable, citas comentadas por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>) y D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>), anotando su confusi&#243;n o posible confusi&#243;n con <italic>W. subnebulosus</italic> o <italic>W. navasi</italic>, especies mucho m&#225;s t&#233;rmicas y xer&#243;filas (ver comentarios en <italic>W. subnebulosus</italic> y <italic>W. navasi</italic>). Igual ocurre con las citas de Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0481">1906</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0525">1927c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0530">1929c</xref>) de Canarias, Baleares y Tarragona, que sin duda eran err&#243;neas y fueron comentadas por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0431">2010</xref>) y existen pocas dudas que pertenezcan a alguna de las dos especies anteriormente mencionadas (con mayor probabilidad <italic>W. navasi</italic>, y as&#237; lo demuestra Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref> con ejemplares de Canarias), y curiosamente Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0525">1927c</xref>) la considera sin&#243;nima a <italic>W</italic>. <italic>subnebulosus</italic>, seg&#250;n rese&#241;a Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>), por lo que sus citas no deber&#237;an considerarse, y de hecho Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>) asigna a <italic>W</italic>. <italic>subnebulosus</italic> alg&#250;n ejemplar identificado por Nav&#225;s como <italic>Hemerobius betulinus</italic> Str&#248;m, 1788. Todas estas citas quedan mayoritariamente reflejadas en Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>). A&#250;n as&#237;, quiz&#225; pueda ser &#8220;acertada&#8221; alguna de las citas del Pirineo Catal&#225;n y Aragon&#233;s que bajo esta &#250;ltima denominaci&#243;n (<italic>Hemerobius betulinus</italic>) menciona este autor (Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0525">1927c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0529">1929b</xref>). Lo mismo ocurre con el material de Tenerife que cita Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0481">1906</xref>) como <italic>Boriomyia nervosa</italic> Fabricius, 1793, que seg&#250;n Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>) ha de asignarse a <italic>Wesmaelius navasi</italic>. Igual ocurre con la referencia en Baleares de <italic>W. ravus</italic> (quiz&#225;s derivada de estas anteriores citas) de Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>), que fue comentada por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>) y que sin duda habr&#237;a que adjudicarla a esta &#250;ltima especie que citamos. La &#250;nica cita m&#225;s fiable de esta especie fue dada por Mosely (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0455">1932a</xref>: 282) de Panticosa (Huesca), probable origen (si no las anteriores citas mencionadas) de todas las posteriores referencias de esta especie en la fauna ib&#233;rica (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1934b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>; Nakahara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0467">1960a</xref>; Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0753">1963</xref>; H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1964</xref>). En base a este material, esta cita fue parcialmente descartada y adjudicada a <italic>W. subnebulosus,</italic> y parte result&#243; correcta (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 105). Tambi&#233;n conviene mencionar que Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 80) comenta que la descripci&#243;n que hace Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0516">1923</xref>) de la genitalia del macho de <italic>Wesmaelius navasi</italic> (como <italic>Hemerobius navasi</italic>) (reiterado en Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>), seg&#250;n &#233;l, pertenece a <italic>Wesmaelius nervosus</italic> (citada como <italic>Boriomyia betulina</italic>). Se trata de una err&#243;nea interpretaci&#243;n del &#8220;particular&#8221; dibujo de Nav&#225;s de un ejemplar de Orihuela (Alicante), que sin duda pertenece a la especie <italic>Wesmaelius navasi</italic>, esta rese&#241;a ha podido generar posteriores referencias err&#243;neas de <italic>Wesmaelius nervosus</italic> en nuestra fauna. Tambi&#233;n fuera de nuestra fauna, similares errores y sinonimias en relaci&#243;n con esta especie fueron comentedas en especies americanas por Carpenter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">1940</xref>), Nakahara (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0467">1960a</xref>), Klimaszewski &#38; Kevan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0267">1987a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0268">1987b</xref>) o Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>). Por lo tanto, las &#250;nicas citas correctas de esta especie en la zona estudiada se limitan a la regi&#243;n eurosiberiana (Ancares en Lugo, Asturias y Pirineos de Huesca y Andorra) (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0431">2010</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Especie hol&#225;rtica extramediterr&#225;nea conocida desde el centro y norte de Europa y Groenlandia a Pakist&#225;n, Corea, Kamchatka, Alaska, Canad&#225; y Estados Unidos. Aunque parece ser una especie eurioica, est&#225; mayoritariamente citada sobre con&#237;feras, especialmente <italic>Pinus</italic> y <italic>Picea</italic>, tambi&#233;n se ha citado en bosques h&#250;medos de caducifolios con hortigas, sauces y abedules, entre IV-X, en altitudes de hasta 2400 m. Aunque en ocasiones ha sido err&#243;neamente citada en nuestra fauna, seg&#250;n hemos comentado, las citas fiables lo han sido sobre <italic>Abies</italic> y <italic>Corylus,</italic> entre VII-IX, en altitudes que oscilan entre 1000-2400 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>), Miles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0372">1924</xref>), Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1934b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>), como <italic>Boriomyia betulina</italic> y por Morton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0454">1935</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) reisseri</bold>
				</italic> Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, 1982 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0014">Figs. 77</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">83</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0020">1982</xref>: 289 (d); Popov, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0617">1986b</xref>: 324 (dis, rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1212 (rf, tx); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 140 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 71 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius reisseri</italic> Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, 1982</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 106 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 17 (dis, mf); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius reiseri</italic> Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, 1982 (lapsus)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Popov, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0618">1996</xref>: 210 (rf), 212 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 24 (rf). <italic>Kimminsia</italic> sp.</p>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 87 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1212 (rf, tx).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Esta especie fue citada como <italic>Kimminsia</italic> sp. por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 87).
</p>
			<p>Especie end&#233;mica del Sistema Central ib&#233;rico (Sierras de Gredos y Guadarrama). Su biolog&#237;a es desconocida, habi&#233;ndose recolectado sobre <italic>Pinus sylvestris</italic>. Ha sido citada en VII, en altitudes que oscilan entre 1860-2350 m.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Wesmaelius (Wesmaelius) concinnus</bold>
				</italic> (Stephens, 1836) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">Figs. 69</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">79</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1217 (rf, tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 72 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius concinnus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 104 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 13 (rf, tx); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 25 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Boriomyia (Wesmaelius) concinna</italic> (Stephens, 1836)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0753">1963</xref>: 64 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius concinnus</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>: 154 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0517">1924a</xref>: 108 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 200 (key), 201 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 99 (dis, mf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Sigue sin confirmarse la posible cita de esta especie en San Juan de Erm, L&#233;rida (Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>), seg&#250;n anotan Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>), Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>) y Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>). Desde luego el dibujo que Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>) realiza de la genitalia masculina de este ejemplar parece pertenecer a la especie que tratamos, pero no puede descartarse que se trate de <italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus</italic> (Reuter, 1894), especie conocida en la zona, aunque recientemente se ha cuestionado molecularmente la identidad diferente de ambas especies (Morini&#232;re <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0450">2014</xref>). Quiz&#225;s estas referencias hayan generado las de Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>) y Zelen&#253; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0753">1963</xref>). No obstante Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>) y H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>) no la recogen de Espa&#241;a o de Portugal. Seguimos a la espera de que nuevos ejemplares confirmen o descarten su presencia en la zona estudiada.
</p>
			<p>Especie centro-noreuropea extra-mediterr&#225;nea (ausente en las pen&#237;nsulas mediterr&#225;neas) de origen postglaciar, extendida a Anatolia, Mongolia, Siberia y Corea. Se ha citado mayoritariamente sobre con&#237;feras, especialmente <italic>Pinus</italic> y <italic>Picea</italic>, tambi&#233;n sobre alerces, sauces, etc., entre V-IX, hasta 2100 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>) y Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Wesmaelius (Wesmaelius) quadrifasciatus</bold>
				</italic> (Reuter, 1894) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 12</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0002">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">23</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0009">30</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0013">70</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0015">80</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 199 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1208 (rf); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 97 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 139 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 72 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus</italic> (Reuter, 1894)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 110 (&#191;rf?); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 13 (rf), 14 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie europea de distribuci&#243;n postglaciar fragmentada, extendida a Anatolia y Siberia. Como hemos indicado, recientemente se ha cuestionado molecularmente la identidad de esta especie y la anteriormente citada (Morini&#232;re <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0450">2014</xref>). Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada sobre con&#237;feras, especialmente <italic>Abies, Picea, Pinus</italic> y <italic>Larix</italic>, entre V-X, su caracter or&#243;filo hace que se haya citado en altitudes de hasta 3000 m. En nuestra fauna ha sido citada en el Pirineo (L&#233;rida, Huesca) sobre <italic>Abies</italic> en VIII, en altitudes que oscilan entre 1245-1340 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>), Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1934b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>) y Gepp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Sympherobiinae Comstock, 1918</p>
			<p>La divisi&#243;n de varios subg&#233;neros dentro del g&#233;nero <italic>Sympherobius</italic> (<italic>Sympherobius</italic> Banks, 1904, <italic>Niremberge</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1909, <italic>Lachlanius</italic> Kr&#252;ger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0282">1922</xref>, <italic>Eurobius</italic> Kr&#252;ger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0282">1922</xref>) en base a elementos de la venaci&#243;n alar no tiene correspondencia con las estructuras genitales, y por ello no han sido considerados. Por otra parte el empleo de <italic>Nieremberge,</italic> en vez de <italic>Niremberge</italic> est&#225; bastante extendido en la bibliograf&#237;a (ver referencias en las especies citadas).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Sympherobius elegans</bold>
				</italic> (Stephens, 1836) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Figs. 96</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">105</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 121 (key), 122 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0487">1911</xref>: 209 (mf); Andr&#233;u, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">1911</xref>: 59 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0489">1913a</xref>: 82 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0492">1914a</xref>: 40 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0496">1915a</xref>: 68 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>: 154 (dis); Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 316 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0508">1919a</xref>: 194 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0512">1921a</xref>: 65 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0513">1921b</xref>: 151 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0515">1922b</xref>: 109 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0516">1923</xref>: 8 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 191 (key), 192 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 92 (dis, key, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0534">1931a</xref>: 120 (dis); Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 116 (rf); Vidal y L&#243;pez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0715">1943</xref>: 22 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 list, 77 (key), 83 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0385">1978c</xref>: 61 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0386">1979a</xref>: 412 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0346">1987</xref>: 350-359 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 78 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 109 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 21 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0345">1994</xref>: 254-302 (bio, dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 48 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0351">1995a</xref>: 115 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0352">1995b</xref>: 38 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 10 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 239 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 64 (dis); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 53 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 163 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 290 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius elegans</italic> Stephens, 1836</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0480">1905c</xref>: 35 (dis, mf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 84 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Nephasitus catalaunicus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1930 (<italic>sic</italic>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0533">1930b</xref>: 161 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0535">1931b</xref>: 238 (dis), Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0577">1988a</xref>: 448 (list, rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Symphaerobius elegans</italic> (Stephens, 1836) (<italic>sic</italic>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nagler, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0459">1958</xref>: 302 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius elegans striatella</italic> Klapalek, 1905</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 193 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 92 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0527">1928b</xref>: 99 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0531">1929d</xref>: 124 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0532">1930a</xref>: 51 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius striatellus</italic> Klapalek, 1905</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0502">1916c</xref>: 188 (dis, tx); Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 316 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>: 41 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius vicentei</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1914</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0493">1914b</xref>: 34 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0502">1916c</xref>: 188 (tx), 189 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Sympherobius) elegans</italic> (Stephens, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0670">1836</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0383">1978a</xref>: 175 (bio, dis); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0388">1980a</xref>: 173 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0389">1980b</xref>: 185 (bio, dis); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 229 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 46 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0398">1984d</xref>: 97 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0399">1984e</xref>: 159 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0402">1985b</xref>: 88 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1214 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0407">1987</xref>: 136 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0108">1986a</xref>: 1125 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1986b</xref>: 1137 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0435">1987</xref>: 179 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0436">1988</xref>: 90 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0105">1988a</xref>: 117 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">1988b</xref>: 221 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 219 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0437">1989</xref>: 51 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 292 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0348">1990</xref>: 224 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0349">1991a</xref>: 181 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 97 (dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 149 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Sobre algunas citas de L. Nav&#225;s de esta especie conviene mencionar que, en ocasiones, parece considerarla sin&#243;nima de <italic>Sympherobius pygmaeus</italic> (Rambur, 1842), y as&#237; en Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0480">1905c</xref>: 35) refiere: <italic>Sympherobius elegans</italic> (Stephens, 1836) (<italic>pigmaeus</italic>) (sic). Por la enorme variabilidad en tama&#241;o y pigmentaci&#243;n que presentan los ejemplares de esta especie, tambi&#233;n tenemos ciertas dudas sobre la incuestionable diagnosis de esta especie y su validez en relaci&#243;n a <italic>S. pygmaeus,</italic> tal como mencionamos m&#225;s adelante al tratar esta especie.
</p>
			<p>Especie ampliamente distribuida en Europa y extendida hasta Anatolia y Kazajst&#225;n. Aparentemente eurioica, y muy variable en su tama&#241;o y pigmentaci&#243;n. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-XI, en altitudes de hasta 1800 m. En nuestra fauna posee una amplia distribuci&#243;n, y ha sido citada entre II-X, en altitudes que oscilan entre 10-2050 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>) y comentados por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Sympherobius pygmaeus</bold>
				</italic> (Rambur, 1842) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Figs. 95</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">106</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 92 (dis, key, mf); Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 122 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 (list), 77 (key), 79 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0386">1979a</xref>: 411 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0346">1987</xref>: 350-359 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0392">1982</xref>: 75 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 78 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 110 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 21 (bio, dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 48 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0351">1995a</xref>: 115 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0352">1995b</xref>: 40 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0438">1999</xref>: 38 (rf), 42 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Whittington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0725">2002</xref>: 380 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 10 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>: 76 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 239 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>: 173 (bio, dis, tx), 174 (bio, dis, tx); Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>: 424 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 67 (dis); ); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 53 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 163 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 290 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius pygmaeus</italic> (Rambur, 1842)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Pictet, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0612">1865</xref>: 56 (dis, mf), 108 (dis); Hagen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0189">1866c</xref>: 297 (dis, rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius elegans pygmaeus</italic> Rambur, 1842</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius gratiosus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1908</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 121 (key), 122 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0487">1911</xref>: 209 (mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0489">1913a</xref>: 82 (dis); Codina, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0081">1913</xref>: 98 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0505">1917b</xref>: 87 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0506">1917c</xref>: 40 (dis); Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 316 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0508">1919a</xref>: 194 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0510">1919c</xref>: 42 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 191 (key), 194 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 92 (key), 94 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0526">1928a</xref>: 45 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0532">1930a</xref>: 51 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0536">1932</xref>: 15 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 (list), 76 (key), 77 (dis); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1218 (bio, rf, tx), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 23 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0345">1994</xref>: 254-302 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0351">1995a</xref>: 115 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0438">1999</xref>: 38 (rf), 42 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 11 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>: 76 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 242 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>: 172 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Sympherobius) gratiosus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1908</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0389">1980b</xref>: 185 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 149 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius bellus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1911</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0487">1911</xref>: 208 (d); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>: 173 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 304 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius conspersus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1909</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 120 (key), 122 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0484">1909b</xref>: 378 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0495">1914d</xref>: 188 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0505">1917b</xref>: 87 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0508">1919a</xref>: 194 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0512">1921a</xref>: 65 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0513">1921b</xref>: 151 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0516">1923</xref>: 8 (dis); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 192 (key), 195 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 92 (key), 94 (mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0527">1928b</xref>: 99 (dis); Esben-Petersen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0128">1931</xref>: 4 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 (list), 79 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius melanogaster</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0498">1915c</xref>: 250 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0500">1916a</xref>: 172 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 192 (key), 194 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 92 (key), 93 (bio, dis, mf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 (list), 78 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1218 (rf, tx); Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0577">1988a</xref>: 449 (list, rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius menendezi</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1913</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0491">1913c</xref>: 99 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0496">1915a</xref>: 31 (dis), 37 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Sympherobius) pygmaeus</italic> (Rambur, 1842)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0383">1978a</xref>: 175 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0389">1980b</xref>: 185 (bio, dis); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 228 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0391">1981</xref>: 153 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 34 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0396">1984b</xref>: 174 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0398">1984d</xref>: 98 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0399">1984e</xref>: 159 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0402">1985b</xref>: 88 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0403">1985c</xref>: 92 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1215 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>: 104 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0108">1986a</xref>: 1125 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1986b</xref>: 1137 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0407">1987</xref>: 136 (bio, dis), Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0435">1987</xref>: 179 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0436">1988</xref>: 90 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0105">1988a</xref>: 117 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">1988b</xref>: 221 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 219 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0437">1989</xref>: 51 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 292 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0348">1990</xref>: 223 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0349">1991a</xref>: 181 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 97 (dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 148 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius venustus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1908</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 121 (key), 123 (d); Andr&#233;u, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">1911</xref>: 59 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius pygmaeus venusta</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1908</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 193 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 93 (dis, mf); Vidal y L&#243;pez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0715">1943</xref>: 22 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius venosus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1908</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 121 (key), 123 (d); Andr&#233;u, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">1911</xref>: 59 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nuevo material estudiado: <bold>ESPA&#209;A</bold>: <bold>Almer&#237;a</bold>, Amoladeras, 6.VII.2013, 1&#9792; sobre <italic>Tamarix</italic>, Tabernas, Rambla Roja, 30SWG50, 400 m, 7.VII.2013, 1&#9792; sobre <italic>Tamarix</italic>. <bold>Granada</bold>, La Herradura, Punta de la Mona, 30SVF36, 200 m, 29.VII.2013, 1&#9792; a la luz. <bold>Madrid</bold>, Rivas Vaciamadrid, 8.VII.2013, 1&#9794;, J.I.L. Col&#243;n.
</p>
			<p>Es una especie de tama&#241;o y de pigmentaci&#243;n antenal y alar muy variable, incluso con cierta asociaci&#243;n entre estos caracteres y el medio donde estos ejemplares se hallan (ejemplo tenemos en la forma <italic>gratiosus,</italic> siempre asociada a vegetaci&#243;n arb&#243;rea de rivera sobre sauces y en particular sobre chopos y &#225;lamos), pero no hemos encontrado diferencias genitales que permitan su consideraci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica. Otra cuesti&#243;n es que posteriores estudios moleculares demuestren otra cosa, y de hecho, Morini&#232;re <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0450">2014</xref>) sugieren la existencia de potenciales especies cr&#237;pticas relacionadas con esta especie. Tampoco tenemos demasiado claro y seguimos manifestando nuestras dudas de que esta especie y su af&#237;n, hist&#243;ricamente separadas, asumidas y diferenciadas: <italic>Sympherobius elegans</italic> (Stephens, 1836), no se trate en realidad del mismo tax&#243;n. Los ejemplares t&#237;picos de ambas especies se diferencian bien, pero la variabilidad en los ejemplares de una y otra especie se solapan y hacen muy subjetiva la decisi&#243;n.
</p>
			<p>Especie de distribuci&#243;n holomediterr&#225;nea expansiva, desde Canarias hasta Ir&#225;n, Turkmenist&#225;n, Azerbaij&#225;n y Kazajst&#225;n. Marcadamente eurioica, puede hallarse casi sobre todo tipo de sustratos vegetales no herb&#225;ceos. Pr&#225;cticamente citada a lo largo de todo el a&#241;o, en Europa est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre III-X, en altitudes de hasta 1500 m (hasta 2300 m en Canarias). En la fauna ibero-balear posee una amplia distribuci&#243;n, y ha sido citada entre III-X, en altitudes que oscilan entre 10-2050 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>), Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>), Gepp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0155">1990</xref>), y New (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0548">1968a</xref>) describe la pupa.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Sympherobius pellucidus</bold>
				</italic> (Walker, 1853) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Figs. 93</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">104</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 124 (rf); Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0751">1962a</xref>: 62 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0753">1963</xref>: 59 (rf); H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1964</xref>: 135 (rf); Principi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0622">1966</xref>: 374 (rf); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 49 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 10 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 67 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 53 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 163 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Nieremberge pellucida</italic> (Walker, 1853)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>: 154 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0504">1917a</xref>: 166 (dis, list, tax), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0505">1917b</xref>: 87 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0506">1917c</xref>: 40 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>: 41 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0508">1919a</xref>: 194 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0515">1922b</xref>: 109 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 198 (key), 199 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 95 (dis, key, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0529">1929b</xref>: 32 (dis), Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Niremberge pellucida</italic> (Walker, 1853)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 317 (dis)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Nieremberge) pellucidus</italic> (Walker, 1853)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1216 (rf); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 292 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Niremberge) pellucidus</italic> (Walker, 1853)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 231 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 46 (rf); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 97 (dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 151 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie mediterr&#225;nea septentrional, probablemente holomediterr&#225;nea. Generalmente citada sobre con&#237;feras (<italic>Picea, Abies, Pinus</italic>), pero tambi&#233;n sobre planifolios (<italic>Fagus, Quercus, Acer, Carpinus, Crataegus</italic>, etc.). Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre IV-IX, en altitudes de hasta 1800 m. En nuestra fauna posee una clara tendencia eurosiberiana, y ha sido citada sobre <italic>Abies</italic> y <italic>Cedrus,</italic> entre VII-VIII, en altitudes que oscilan entre 520-1960 m.
</p>
			<p>La larva de esta especie fue descrita por New (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0546">1967a</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Sympherobius fuscescens</bold>
				</italic> (Wallengren, 1863) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0009">Figs. 29</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">90</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">103</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 131 (rf); Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0751">1962a</xref>: 61 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0753">1963</xref>: 58 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 (list), 76 (key), 80 (bio, dis); Morgan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0449">1980</xref>: 119 (dis); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0108">1986a</xref>: 1125 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 110 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0350">1991b</xref>: 192 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 21 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0345">1994</xref>: 254-302 (bio, dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 49 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 65 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 53 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 163 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobuis (Niremberge) fucescens</italic> (Wallengren, 1863)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 34 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius inconspicuus</italic> McLachlan, 1868</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Lucas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0316">1905</xref>: 298 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 (list), 82 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Nieremberge inconspicua</italic> (McLachlan, 1868)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>: 154 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0504">1917a</xref>: 166 (list, rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>: 41 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 198 (dis, key, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0519">1924c</xref>: 130 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 95 (dis, key, mf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Niremberge inconspicua</italic> (McLachlan, 1868)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 317 (dis)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Nieremberge limpida</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1909</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0484">1909b</xref>: 377 (d); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Nieremberge limpidus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1909</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 (list), 82 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Nieremberge) fucescens</italic> (Wallengren, 1863) (lapsus)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 34 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Niremberge) fuscescens</italic> (Wallengren, 1863) (lapsus)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0436">1988</xref>: 90 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Niremberge) fuscescens</italic> (Wallengren, 1863)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 230 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1216 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1986b</xref>: 1138 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0105">1988a</xref>: 117 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">1988b</xref>: 221 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0437">1989</xref>: 51 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 97 (dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 151 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Sympherobius) fuscescens</italic> (Wallengren, 1863)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0349">1991a</xref>: 181 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie sib&#233;rica conocida de Europa, Anatolia, Kazajst&#225;n y Jap&#243;n. Asociada a con&#237;feras, especialmente a <italic>Pinus</italic>. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre VI-IX, en altitudes de hasta 2100 m. En nuestra fauna est&#225; ampliamente distribuida con cierta tendencia m&#225;s mediterr&#225;nea que atl&#225;ntica, y ha sido citada entre V-IX, en altitudes que oscilan entre 300-2100 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo de esta especie fue descrito por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>) y la larva por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0224">1931</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Sympherobius fallax</bold>
				</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1908 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1, 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">94</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">102</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 78 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 110 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 22 (bio, dis, tx); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Deretsky, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0434">1999</xref>: 49 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 11 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0428">2005</xref>: 76 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 243 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 65 (dis); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 163 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 290 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Nephasitus fallax</italic> (Nav&#225;s, 1908)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0523">1927a</xref>: 97 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Nefasitus fallax</italic> (Nav&#225;s, 1908)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0533">1930b</xref>: 162 (dis, rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Nephasitus fallans</italic> (Nav&#225;s, 1908) (lapsus)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Vidal y L&#243;pez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0715">1943</xref>: 22 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Nephasitus tenellus</italic> (Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 196 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 94 (dis, mf); Vidal y L&#243;pez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0715">1943</xref>: 22 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius tenellus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1908</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 120 (key), 121 (d); Andr&#233;u, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">1911</xref>: 59 (dis); Tjeder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0698">1939</xref>: 3 (rf), 24 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Sympherobius) fallax</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1908</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 229 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0398">1984d</xref>: 97 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0402">1985b</xref>: 92 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1216 (dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 219 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 150 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nuevo material estudiado: <bold>ESPA&#209;A</bold>: <bold>Almer&#237;a</bold>, Rambla del Retamar, 14.VI.2013, 1&#9792; a la luz, F. Acevedo. <bold>Granada</bold>, La Herradura, Punta de la Mona, 30SVF36, 200 m, 29.VII.2013, 1&#9792; en el interior de una vivienda (ejemplar del que se obtuvieron los datos ahora anotados y multitud de ejemplares, m&#225;s de 30, <italic>ex ovo</italic>), 16.VIII.2013, 1&#9792;, 28.VIII.2013, 1&#9792;, 14.VII.2014, 1&#9792;, 24.VII.2014, 1&#9794;, 1.IX.2014, 1&#9792;, todos a la luz. <bold>Zaragoza</bold>, Zaragoza, 21.IV.2007, 1&#9792;, Isidro Mart&#237;nez (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1, 2</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Especie de distribuci&#243;n circum-sahariana expansiva, siendo conocida de las zonas x&#233;ricas meridionales del Pale&#225;rtico Occidental, desde la Macaronesia y norte de &#193;frica a Pakist&#225;n, y desde el sur de la Regi&#243;n Afrotropical a Sud&#225;n, Etiop&#237;a, Arabia Saud&#237; y Yemen. De morfolog&#237;a bastante variable, su biolog&#237;a es poco conocida, siempre est&#225; asociada a medios x&#233;ricos, y ha sido mayoritariamente capturada a la luz, tambi&#233;n ocasionalmente sobre <italic>Ceratonia</italic>, <italic>Ficus</italic>, <italic>Persea</italic>, <italic>Salix</italic>, <italic>Solanum</italic>, <italic>Psidium, Albizzia, Citrus, Hibiscus</italic> o gram&#237;neas. Dada su extensa distribuci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica, ha sido recolectada a lo largo de todo el a&#241;o, seg&#250;n latitudes, pero est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-X, en altitudes relativamente bajas, mayoritariamente costeras, en zonas subsaharianas hasta 1300 m. En nuestra fauna posee una marcada tendencia mediterr&#225;nea/t&#233;rmica, y ha sido citada en altitudes que oscilan entre 10-940 m, y en la pen&#237;nsula posee actividad de los imagos practicamente a lo largo de todo el a&#241;o, al menos en el sur de Espa&#241;a, entre I-XI, habiendo sido citada en enero de Espinardo (Murcia) (Monserrat, 1986) y en octubre y noviembre de La Herradura (Granada) (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>), donde ha sido observada predando activamente (larvas e imagos) sobre colonias de c&#243;ccidos.
</p>
			<p>Como de <italic>S. amicus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915, datos del huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Rivnay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0633">1943</xref>) y la morfolog&#237;a de la larva por Bodenheimer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0052">1930</xref>). Aportamos ahora nuevos datos sobre su biolog&#237;a y desarrollo, a partir de una hembra recolectada en <bold>Granada</bold>: La Herradura, Punta de la Mona, 30SVF36, 200 m, el 29.VII.2013, en interior de vivienda (a la luz). Mantenido el proceso en condiciones ambientales, ese d&#237;a puso varios huevos sobre el borde de una hoja con c&#243;ccidos que se le proporcion&#243; para su alimento o entre el algod&#243;n de transpiraci&#243;n utilizado en el recipiente que la conten&#237;a, y sigui&#243; poniendo tandas de huevos durante los 25 d&#237;as que se mantuvo con vida, generalmente en el borde o bajo las hojas, normalmente aislados, pero a veces en grupos de hasta tres o cuatro unidades. Los huevos eran de color blanco p&#225;lido con micr&#243;pilo m&#225;s pardo, y tardaban 6 d&#237;as en eclosionar. Las larvas neonatas eran muy activas y casi transparentes, con cabeza negruzca dorsalmente y regi&#243;n ventral p&#225;lida. Conforme progresaba su desarrollo siguen siendo p&#225;lidas, salvo leves anillos pardos en el abdomen, y caminan activamente oscilando lateralmente la cabeza buscando presas y ayud&#225;ndose del extremo abdominal para desplazarse. Para su desarrollo se les proporcionaron hojas infestadas de c&#243;ccidos en diferentes estadios, que predaban <italic>ad libitum,</italic> observando que empujan activamente para acceder al insecto, y alguna incluso se introduc&#237;a en alg&#250;n capullo del c&#243;ccido para seguir comiendo. Completaban su desarrollo en 10 d&#237;as y tras pupar, emerg&#237;an los imagos en 9-10 d&#237;as.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Sympherobius gayi</bold>
				</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1910 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0007">Figs. 20</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">97</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">107</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>: 131, 132 (rf, tx); Monserrat &#38; Deretsky, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0434">1999</xref>: 50 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 243 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 24 (rf), 66 (dis); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 159 (dis), 162 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius maculipennis</italic> Kimmins, 1929</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 111 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>: 131, 132 (rf, tx); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio); Monserrat &#38; Deretsky, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0434">1999</xref>: 50 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Sympherobius) gayi</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1910</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 150 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie eurioica, originariamente neotropical, y conocida de Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brasil, Bolivia y Per&#250; (Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0244">1929a</xref>; Nakahara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0472">1966b</xref>; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>), que ha sido introducida como agente de control en Nigeria, y accidentalmente o por acci&#243;n humana en la Isla de Pascua y en Portugal: Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>) la cita del <bold>Algarve</bold>: Patac&#227;o, Faro, y de los alrededores de <bold>Lisboa</bold>: Oeiras, y Monserrat &#38; Deretsky (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0434">1999</xref>) de <bold>Estremadura</bold>: Mafra. En estas poblaciones lusas, esta especie parece ser abundante en plantaciones de <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> (Rutaceae) y sobre colonias de <italic>Planococcus volvae</italic> (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) sobre <italic>Chamaecyparis</italic> sp. (Cupressaceae), y por ello estas poblaciones parecen estar aparentemente establecidas (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>; Monserrat &#38; Deretsky, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0434">1999</xref>), y por su marcada euroicidad (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0422">1998</xref>), es muy probable que se encuentren en fase de expansi&#243;n y por ello no se descartan nuevas citas. En su zona original est&#225; citada pr&#225;cticamente a lo largo de todo el a&#241;o, hasta 1400 m. En la zona en estudio la especie est&#225; citada en II, VI, XI, desde 25-200 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo de esta especie fue descrito por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0430">2008b</xref>) y sus estadios larvarios por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0426">2003</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Sympherobius riudori</bold>
				</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Figs. 92</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">101</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0496">1915a</xref>: 50 (d); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 10 (dis), 11 (dis); Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0577">1988a</xref>: 450 (list, rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 79 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 111 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 23 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0419">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 11 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 243 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 68 (dis); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 163 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 290 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Nieremberge) riudori</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Nieremberge) ruidori</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915 (lapsus)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Niremberge) riudori</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 232 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0402">1985b</xref>: 88 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1216 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0407">1987</xref>: 136 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0105">1988a</xref>: 117 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">1988b</xref>: 222 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 219 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 152 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Elemento mediterr&#225;neo occidental, inicialmente considerado como ib&#233;rico, recientemente citado en Francia meridional e Italia septentrional (Gruppe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0176">2007</xref>; Badano, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0031">2010</xref>). En nuestra fauna es un elemento muy escasamente citado, con marcada tendencia meridional-mediterr&#225;nea y algunas citas en medios atl&#225;nticos, y es de biolog&#237;a casi desconocida, habiendo sido capturado mayoritariamente a la luz, y sobre <italic>Juniperus oxicedrus</italic>, <italic>Pinus halepensis</italic>, <italic>P. nigra</italic>, ocasionalmente sobre <italic>Quercus ilex</italic>, y en madera y suelo de <italic>Fagus sylvatica</italic> en descomposici&#243;n. Esta especie est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-VIII, en altitudes bajas de hasta 1000 m. En nuestra fauna ha sido citada entre IV-IX, en altitudes que oscilan entre 40-2000 m.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Sympherobius klapaleki</bold>
				</italic> Zelen&#253;, 1963 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">Figs. 91</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0017">100</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 (list), 77 (key), 78 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 112 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0350">1991b</xref>: 192 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 49 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 14 (list); Monserrat &#38; Deretsky, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0434">1999</xref>: 50 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0351">1995a</xref>: 115 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 244 (bio, dis); Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>: 424 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 24 (rf), 66 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 53 (rf), 2013b: 164 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Nieremberge) klapaleki</italic> Zelen&#253;, 1963</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0383">1978a</xref>: 175 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1986b</xref>: 1138 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius (Niremberge) klapaleki</italic> Zelen&#253;, 1963</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 231 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 34 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1217 (bio, dis, tx); D&#237;az-Aranda <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1986b</xref>: 1138 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 292 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 97 (dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 152 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius hyalinus</italic> Monserrat, 1976</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0380">1976a</xref>: 200 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 (list), 76 (key), 78 (dis); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 231 (tx); Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0577">1988a</xref>: 448 (rf), 449 (list); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Sympherobius outereloi</italic> Monserrat, 1976</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0381">1976b</xref>: 16 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1217 (tx); Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0577">1988a</xref>: 449 (list, rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie mediterr&#225;nea septentrional. Muy poco conocida y escasamente citada. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-IX, en altitudes generalmente bajas, de hasta 1000 m. En nuestra fauna posee una clara tendencia eurosiberiana, con citas puntuales algo m&#225;s meridionales, y ha sido hallada en medios h&#250;medos sobre robles, encinas, casta&#241;os y avellanos, entre V-IX, en altitudes que oscilan entre 95-1390 m.
</p>
			<p>Microminae Kr&#252;ger, 1922</p>
			<p>La divisi&#243;n de varios subg&#233;neros dentro del g&#233;nero <italic>Micromus</italic> (entre los que nos afectan: <italic>Micromus s.str</italic>. Rambur, 1842, <italic>Nesomicromus</italic> Perkins, 1899, <italic>Eumicromus</italic> Nakahara, 1915, <italic>Pseudomicromus</italic> Kr&#252;ger, 1922) en base a elementos de la venaci&#243;n alar no tiene correspondencia con las estructuras genitales, y por ello no han sido considerados.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Micromus paganus</bold>
				</italic> (Linnaeus, 1767) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">Figs. 21</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0019">114</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0492">1914a</xref>: 40 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0493">1914b</xref>: 35 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0502">1916c</xref>: 189 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>: 154 (dis); Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 317 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>: 41 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0515">1922b</xref>: 110 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 213 (key), 215 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 106 (dis, key, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0527">1928b</xref>: 99 (dis); Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0753">1963</xref>: 57 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 77 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 20 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 161 (rf); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 63 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 290 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Eumicromus paganus</italic> (Linnaeus, 1767)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>: 269 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Micromus (Nesomicromus</italic>) <italic>paganus</italic> (Linnaeus, 1767)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 223 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1213 (dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 219 (dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 292 (bio, dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 48 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Micromus (Eumicromus</italic>) <italic>paganus</italic> (Linnaeus, 1767)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1964</xref>: 117 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Stenomicromus paganus</italic> (Linnaeus, 1767)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 (list), 73 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie sib&#233;rica. Recolectada sobre una gran variedad de sustratos vegetales, est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V- X, en altitudes de hasta 2000 m. En nuestra fauna ha sido puntualmente citada sobre planifolios, aunque debe desarrollarse en vegetaci&#243;n baja, principalmente herb&#225;cea, y ha sido recolectada entre VI-VIII, en altitudes que oscilan entre 10-1515 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0735">1923</xref>) y Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Micromus variegatus</bold>
				</italic> (Fabricius, 1793) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 7</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">22</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0019">115</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 116 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0495">1915a</xref>: 42 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0500">1916a</xref>: 173 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0503">1916d</xref>: 154 (dis); Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 317 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0507">1918</xref>: 41 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0508">1919a</xref>: 194 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0513">1921b</xref>: 151 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0516">1923</xref>: 8 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 213 (dis, key, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0520">1924d</xref>: 25 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 105 (key), 106 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0523">1927a</xref>: 98 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0532">1930a</xref>: 51 (dis); Nagler, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0459">1958</xref>: 302 (rf); Zelen&#253;, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0751">1962a</xref>: 62 (rf), 1963: 57 (rf); Principi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0622">1966</xref>: 373 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 77 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0417">1993</xref>: 514 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 20 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 159 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 16 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 249 (bio, dis); Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>: 424 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 24 (rf), 63 (dis); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 53 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013b</xref>: 164 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 305 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius variegatus</italic> Fabricius, 1793</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Cun&#237; y Martorell, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0089">1880</xref>: 221 (dis), 242 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0090">1888</xref>: 163 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0091">1890</xref>: 14 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Micromus (Micromus) variegatus</italic> (Fabricius, 1793)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 221 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1212 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">1988b</xref>: 222 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 219 (rf); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 292 (bio, dis); N&#250;&#241;ez P&#233;rez <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0568">1992</xref>: 389 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nuevo material estudiado: <bold>ESPA&#209;A</bold>: <bold>A Coru&#241;a</bold>, Coir&#243;s, 31.V.2008, 1&#9794;, J. R. Pato (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 7</xref>). <bold>Huesca</bold>, Benasque, 11.VIII.2007, 1&#9792;, I. Mart&#237;nez.
</p>
			<p>Especie pale&#225;rtica que probablemente ha sido introducida en la British Columbia (Canad&#225;), y recientemente citada de su regi&#243;n oriental (Klimaszewski <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0276">2009</xref>). Habitualmente asociada a medios boscosos y h&#250;medos, generalmente sobre vegetaci&#243;n herb&#225;cea. Est&#225; citada sobre una amplia gama de sustratos vegetales, mayoritariamente recolectada entre IV-XI, en altitudes de hasta 1600 m. En nuestra fauna tiene una clara tendencia eurosiberiana con citas puntuales algo m&#225;s meridionales, y ha sido citada entre IV-XI, en altitudes que oscilan entre 20-1300 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Brauer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0061">1871</xref>), Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0736">1925</xref>), Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>), Kimmins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0254">1939a</xref>), Dunn (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0116">1954</xref>), Duelli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0112">1986</xref>) y Gepp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Micromus angulatus</bold>
				</italic> (Stephens, 1836) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 6, 9</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0019">117</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0346">1987</xref>: 350-359 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 77 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 109 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0417">1993</xref>: 479 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 20 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 160 (rf); Alvis <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">2003</xref>: 186 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 16 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 249 (bio, dis); Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>: 424 (bio, dis); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 24 (rf), 62 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 164 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Eumicromus angulatus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>: 263 (rf); Miermont &#38; Canard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0371">1975</xref>: 180 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Micromus aphidivorus</italic> Schrank, 1781</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Dzi&#281;dzielewicz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0117">1891</xref>: 99 (rf); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 117 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 213 (key), 214 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 105 (key), 106: (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0523">1927a</xref>: 98 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 19 (list), 73 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Micromus (Eumicromus</italic>) <italic>angulatus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1964</xref>: 117 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Micromus (Nesomicromus</italic>) <italic>angulatus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 222 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0403">1985c</xref>: 92 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1213 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0407">1987</xref>: 135 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 292 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Micromus (Pseudomicromus</italic>) <italic>angulatus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0383">1978a</xref>: 173 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Pseudomicromus angulatus</italic> (Stephens, 1836)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 18 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nuevo material estudiado: <bold>ESPA&#209;A</bold>: <bold>A Coru&#241;a</bold>, Coir&#243;s, 29.III.2008, 1&#9792;, J.R. Pato (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 9</xref>). <bold>Granada</bold>, La Herradura, Playa de Cantarrij&#225;n, 30SVF36, 10 m, 9.VII.2013, 1&#9794; a la luz. <bold>Tarragona</bold>, La Selva del Camp, 41&#176;13&#8242;07.67&#8243;N 1&#176;08&#8242;36.94&#8243;E, 224 m, 18.VI.2007, 1&#9794; sobre <italic>Citrus clementina</italic>, N.Ca&#241;ellas, 16.VI.2010, 1&#9792; sobre <italic>Citrus clementina</italic>, N. Ca&#241;ellas, 17.VII.2010, 1&#9794;, sobre <italic>Citrus</italic>, N.Ca&#241;ellas. <bold>Zaragoza</bold>, Zaragoza, 3.I.2014, 1&#9794;, I. Mart&#237;nez (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 6</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Elemento hol&#225;rtico. Su biolog&#237;a es poco conocida, aparentemente eurioica, y probablemente asociada a vegetaci&#243;n arvense y/o herb&#225;cea, aunque ha sido citada sobre robles, avellanos, etc. Est&#225; citada a lo largo de todo el a&#241;o, en altitudes de hasta 1500 m. En nuestra fauna posee una amplia distribuci&#243;n, y ha sido citada en altitudes que oscilan entre 10-1480 m, mayoritariamente entre IV-XI, aunque en algunas zonas, especialmente litorales y meridionales posee actividad durante todo el a&#241;o (I-XII), abarcando desde el mes de enero, La Herradura (Granada), febrero, Alcal&#225; de Henares (Madrid) a noviembre, Los Molinos, Rivas Vaciamadrid (Madrid) y diciembre, Algarrobo (M&#225;laga) (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0417">1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>). Ahora citamos un imago en actividad en el mes de enero en Zaragoza.
</p>
			<p>Como <italic>Micromus aphidivorus, Eumicromus angulatus</italic> o <italic>Micromus angulatus</italic> los estadios larvarios de esta especie fueron descritos por Aubrook (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0029">1935</xref>) y Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>), Fraser (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0139">1940</xref>) y Miermont &#38; Canard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0371">1975</xref>).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Micromus lanosus</bold>
				</italic> (Zelen&#253;, 1962) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0019">Fig. 116</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 109 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0417">1993</xref>: 498 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 20 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 162 (rf); Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>: 424 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 62 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 164 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Micromus (Nesomicromus</italic>) <italic>lanosus</italic> (Zelen&#253;, 1962)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 36 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1214 (bio, dis); Popov, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0617">1986b</xref>: 328 (dis, rf); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 97 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 48 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Elemento europeo extra-mediterr&#225;neo poco conocido. Asociado a medios boscosos y h&#250;medos, probablemente a vegetaci&#243;n baja. Sobre muy variados sustratos vegetales, est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre VI-VIII, en altitudes de hasta 1500 m. En nuestra fauna ha sido mayoritariamente citada en el tercio septentrional, entre VII-X, en altitudes que oscilan entre 720-1960 m. Esta especie es muy poco conocida de la Fauna Ib&#233;rica, &#250;nicamente ha sido citada sobre avellano, abedul y roble de Huesca y L&#233;rida, sobre ortiga en &#193;vila (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0417">1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>; Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>) y recientemente en un hayedo de Asturias (Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>). Probable habitante de estratos herb&#225;ceos en medios eurosiberianos.
</p>
			<p>La larva fue descrita por Gepp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Megalominae Kr&#252;ger, 1922</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Megalomus hirtus</bold>
				</italic> (Linnaeus, 1761) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">111</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Dzi&#281;dzielewicz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0117">1891</xref>: 102 (rf); Novak, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0567">1891</xref>: 53 (rf); Vicente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0714">1902</xref>: 188 (dis); Lucas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0316">1905</xref>: 298 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0489">1913a</xref>: 82 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0502">1916c</xref>: 189 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0506">1917c</xref>: 40 (dis); Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 317 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0508">1919a</xref>: 194 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0510">1919c</xref>: 42 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0513">1921b</xref>: 151 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 217 (key), 218 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0520">1924d</xref>: 25 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 107 (key), 108 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0522">1925b</xref>: 135 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0523">1927a</xref>: 98 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0533">1930b</xref>: 161 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0534">1931a</xref>: 120 (dis); Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1934b</xref>: 130 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>: 141 (rf); Vidal y L&#243;pez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0715">1943</xref>: 23 (dis); Principi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0621">1958</xref>: 182 (rf); Nagler, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0459">1958</xref>: 302 (rf); Berland, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0050">1962</xref>: 79 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 18 (list), 74 (key), 75 (dis); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 196 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0388">1980a</xref>: 173 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 46 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0396">1984b</xref>: 173 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0398">1984d</xref>: 112 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0399">1984e</xref>: 159 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1202 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>: 104 (dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0105">1988a</xref>: 116 (rf); S&#233;m&#233;ria &#38; Berland, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0651">1988</xref>: 144 (rf); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0347">1989</xref>: 291 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 103 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 11 (dis), 1996b: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 155 (rf); Whittington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0725">2002</xref>: 380 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 16 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 60 (dis); Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>: 424 (rf); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 51 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 164 (bio, dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nuevo material estudiado: <bold>ESPA&#209;A</bold>: <bold>Guip&#250;zcoa</bold>, O&#241;ati, Zabalaitz, Aizkorri-Aratz P.N., 30TWN5256, 1180 m, 26.VII.2014, 1&#9792; sobre <italic>Taxus baccata</italic>, S. Pagola. Muy probablemente a esta especie pertenecen los ejemplares fotografiados por I. Mart&#237;nez (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 3</xref>) en <bold>Castell&#243;n</bold>, Portell, 29.VIII.2009. <bold>L&#233;rida</bold>, Llesu&#237;, 4.VI.2014 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 3</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Especie europea extendida hasta Armenia. De biolog&#237;a poco conocida. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-IX, en altitudes de hasta 1400 m. Probablemente asociada a vegetaci&#243;n herb&#225;cea en medios h&#250;medos. En nuestra fauna posee una amplia distribuci&#243;n y ha sido recolectada sobre haya, sotobosque de robles, pinos, etc., entre VI-VIII, en altitudes que oscilan entre 480-2150 m.
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1934b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">1936</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>). La descrita por Dujardin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0115">1851</xref>) como <italic>Hemerobius hirtus</italic> pertenece a <italic>Conwentzia</italic> (Coniopterygidae).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Megalomus pyraloides</bold>
				</italic> Rambur, 1842 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">Fig. 113</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>McLachlan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0365">1902b</xref>: 33 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 117 (key), 118 (dis, mf); Andr&#233;u, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">1911</xref>: 58 (dis); Principi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0622">1966</xref>: 374 (rf); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 197 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0398">1984d</xref>: 112 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1203 (bio, dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 218 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 103 (dis); Dobosz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0110">1993</xref>: 170 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 11 (bio, dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0352">1995b</xref>: 38 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 156 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 60 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 164 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 290 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Megalomus montserraticus</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0497">1915b</xref>: 469 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 218 (key), 220 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 107 (key), 109 (dis, mf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0401">1985a</xref>: 240 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie atlanto-adriato mediterr&#225;nea conocida de Espa&#241;a, Francia, Italia y Croacia. De biolog&#237;a poco conocida, generalmente asociada a medios x&#233;ricos. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-X, en altitudes de hasta 1300 m. En nuestra fauna posee una clara tendencia meridional y mediterr&#225;nea, y ha sido recolectada sobre muy diversa vegetaci&#243;n, entre V-IX, en altitudes que oscilan entre 40-2200 m.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Megalomus tineoides</bold>
				</italic> Rambur, 1842 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">Fig. 112</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Rambur, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0625">1842</xref>: 420 (d); Rosenhauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0638">1856</xref>: 367 (dis); Hagen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0187">1866a</xref>: 430 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0189">1866c</xref>: 297 (dis, rf); Brauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0062">1876</xref>: 291 (rf); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0480">1905c</xref>: 34 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 118 (dis, key), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0489">1913a</xref>: 82 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0494">1914c</xref>: 212 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0497">1915b</xref>: 469 (rf), 470 (dis, mf); Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1917</xref>: 317 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 217 (key), 219 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 107 (key), 108 (dis, mf); Mosely, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0456">1932b</xref>: 168 (rf); Nakahara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0467">1960a</xref>: 56 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 18 (list), 74 (key), 75 (dis); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 11 (dis), 197 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1203 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0405">1986b</xref>: 104 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0407">1987</xref>: 136 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; D&#237;az-Aranda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0435">1987</xref>: 179 (dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">1988b</xref>: 222 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1988c</xref>: 218 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0410">1990b</xref>: 87 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 103 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 11 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0351">1995a</xref>: 114 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio); Letardi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0310">1997</xref>: 150 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 155 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 16 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0429">2008a</xref>: 249 (dis); Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0311">2013</xref>: 36 (list); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 61 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0447">2013a</xref>: 51 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0448">2013b</xref>: 164 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 290 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Hemerobius tineoides</italic> (Rambur, 1842)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Walker, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0718">1853</xref>: 281 (rf); Pictet, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0612">1865</xref>: 57 (dis, mf), 108 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0477">1904b</xref>: 143 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0478">1905a</xref>: 506 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0483">1909a</xref>: 175 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nuevo material estudiado: <bold>ESPA&#209;A</bold>: <bold>Zaragoza</bold>, Bagu&#233;s, La Parueta, Vallatanso, 30TXN7212, 760 m, 26.VI.2014, 1&#9794; sobre <italic>Ononis fruticosa</italic>, S. Pagola.
</p>
			<p>Especie mediterr&#225;nea expansiva, probablemente holomediterr&#225;nea. De biolog&#237;a poco conocida, generalmente asociada a medios x&#233;ricos. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-VIII, en altitudes de hasta 1000 m. En nuestra fauna posee una amplia distribuci&#243;n con tendencia mediterr&#225;nea, y ha sido recolectada entre V-X, en altitudes que oscilan entre 100-1500 m.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Megalomus tortricoides</bold>
				</italic> Rambur, 1842 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0018">Fig. 110</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>McLachlan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0366">1903</xref>: 225 (dis); Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0479">1905b</xref>: 18 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0480">1905c</xref>: 34 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 117 (key), 118 (dis); Macho Bariego, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0319">1909</xref>: 75 (dis); Mosely, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0455">1932a</xref>: 282 (dis); Principi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0621">1958</xref>: 183 (dis, rf); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>: 196 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0398">1984d</xref>: 112 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1203 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 103 (dis); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0443">1994</xref>: 46 (bio, dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0418">1994</xref>: 11 (bio, dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0441">1996b</xref>: 195 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 155 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 61 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0433">2013</xref>: 290 (rf).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Megalomus tener</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0497">1915b</xref>: 468 (d), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0509">1919b</xref>: 52 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 218 (key), 220 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0521">1925a</xref>: 108 (key), 109 (dis, mf); Eglin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0118">1941</xref>: 75 (rf, dis); Vidal y L&#243;pez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0715">1943</xref>: 23 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 18 (list), 74 (key), 75 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0398">1984d</xref>: 112 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0401">1985a</xref>: 240 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie europea extendida hasta Anatolia y Armenia. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-IX, en altitudes de hasta 2000 m. En nuestra fauna posee una cierta tendencia mediterr&#225;nea en su distribuci&#243;n, y ha sido recolectada entre V-VIII, en altitudes que oscilan entre 477-2220 m.
</p>
			<p>Elementos de su pupa fueron descritos por Gepp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Drepanepteryginae Kr&#252;ger, 1922</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Drepanepteryx phalaenoides</bold>
				</italic> (Linnaeus, 1758) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 11</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">26</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">98</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 222 (&#191;rf?); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0395">1984a</xref>: 34 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1202 (bio, dis); Popov, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0617">1986b</xref>: 324 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0414">1991b</xref>: 102 (bio, dis); Canard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">1992</xref>: 96 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 13 (list); Monserrat &#38; Mar&#237;n, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0440">1996a</xref>: 777-785 (bio), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0442">2001</xref>: 424-431 (bio, dis); H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>: 157 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0431">2010</xref>: 21 (mf), 24 (bio, dis); Ocharan &#38; Ocharan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0569">2011</xref>: 350 (bio, dis, mf); Ocharan <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0570">2012</xref>: 424 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 24 (rf), 54 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>
				<italic>Drepanopteryx phalenoides</italic> (Linnaeus, 1758)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 222 (&#191;rf?).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie sib&#233;rica, conocida desde la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica y Canarias (muy probablemente introducida) a Jap&#243;n. Considerada euroica, est&#225; generalmente asociada a caducifolios en medios boscosos y h&#250;medos, tambi&#233;n en espacios abiertos y huertos. Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre IV-XI, en altitudes de hasta 1000 m. En nuestra fauna es puntualmente conocida de su tercio septentrional (Pirineos y Cornisa Cant&#225;brica), y ha sido recolectada (mayoritariamente a la luz) en medios con hayas y avellanos, en altitudes que oscilan entre 700-1560 m, entre V-VIII (XII). Su potencial capacidad de hibernar en estado de imago (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1980</xref>) parece corroborarse tambi&#233;n en nuestra fauna, habida cuenta de la obtenci&#243;n de un imago entre hojarasca de haya recolectada en XII en Asturias (Ocharan &#38; Ocharan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0569">2011</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Los estadios preimaginales de esta especie fueron descritos por Von Gleichen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0717">1770</xref>), Standfuss (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0659">1910</xref>), Morton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0451">1910</xref>) y Gepp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0155">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1999</xref>), y lo que se conoc&#237;a entonces de sus estadios larvarios fue comentado por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">1937</xref>) y posteriormente descritos por Fulmek (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0144">1941</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Notiobiellinae Nakahara, 1960</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Psectra diptera</bold>
				</italic> (Burmeister, 1839) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0008">25</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0016">99</xref>)</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0518">1924b</xref>: 217 (&#191;rf?); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>: 15 (bio, dis, mf); Tr&#246;ger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0710">2007</xref>: 142 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0711">2009</xref>: 81 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16 (list), 24 (rf), 64 (dis).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Especie ampliamente distribuida en la Regi&#243;n Pale&#225;rtica desde Europa extramediterr&#225;nea a Jap&#243;n, y probablemente introducida en Norte Am&#233;rica, donde ha sido citada en la zona oriental de Canad&#225; y Estados Unidos. Mayoritariamente capturada a la luz y generalmente sobre gram&#237;neas y otras plantas herb&#225;ceas, a veces en medios rivere&#241;os, dunales, arenosos y/o entre ra&#237;ces. Parece poseer cortos periodos de actividad como imagos, y se ha comentado que probablemente sus poblaciones son monovoltinas (Szentkir&#225;lyi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0678">1997</xref>). Est&#225; mayoritariamente citada entre V-XI, en altitudes bajas (litorales) hasta 300 m. En la fauna ib&#233;rica s&#243;lo existen puntuales citas en las provincias de Guip&#250;zcoa y Zaragoza, y ha sido citada entre V-X, en altitudes que oscilan entre 270-310 m, tambi&#233;n sobre plantas herb&#225;ceas y de estepas y praderas. En nuestra fauna, al menos dos generaciones se han sugerido (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0427">2004</xref>).
</p>
			<p>El huevo y la larva de esta especie fueron descritos por Killington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1946</xref>) y New (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0545">1966</xref>) aporta algunos datos.
</p>
			<p>
				<bold>Especies dudosa- o incorrectamente citadas en nuestra fauna:</bold>
			</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius (Brauerobius) marginatus</bold>
				</italic> Stephens, 1836 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Fig. 55</xref>)
</p>
			<p>Especie sib&#233;rica citada de la Europa extramediterr&#225;nea y extendida por Georgia, Azerbaiy&#225;n hasta Siberia, Mongolia y Jap&#243;n, no conocida (a&#250;n) de la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica (H. Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">2001</xref>).
</p>
			<p>Las citas de esta especie en nuestra fauna son numerosas y han sido comentadas por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1217) y regogidas por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 16; 2011: 172) y Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0446">2013</xref>: 16).
</p>
			<p>Como <italic>Hemerobius marginatus</italic> Stephens, 1836 est&#225; citada por Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0479">1905b</xref>: 18 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0480">1905c</xref>: 35 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0482">1908</xref>: 119 (key), 120 (dis, mf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0484">1909b</xref>: 376 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0486">1910</xref>: 243 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0490">1913b</xref>: 67 (dis), citas desestimadas o puestas en duda por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1218) o Makarkin &#38; Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0340">2007</xref>: 270), y Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0432">2011</xref>: 172) sugiere que muy probablemente podr&#237;an tratarse de <italic>H. stigma</italic>.
</p>
			<p>Como <italic>Brauerobius marginatus</italic> (Stephens, 1836) est&#225; citada por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0382">1977</xref>: 102), cita que es corregida por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>: 1207) y es asignada a <italic>Hemerobius gilvus</italic> Stein, 1863
</p>
			<p>Como <italic>Hemerobius (Brauerobius) marginatus</italic> Stephens, 1836 est&#225; citada por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0420">1996b</xref>: 16), quien recoge las opiniones de Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0404">1986a</xref>).
</p>
			<p>No dudamos de su presencia en nuestra fauna, en particular en el tercio norte peninsular. Anotamos el aspecto de su genitalia masculina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0012">Fig. 55</xref>) a la espera de que nuevo material confirme su presencia en nuestra fauna.
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Hemerobius strigosus</bold>
				</italic> Zettersted (<italic>limbatus</italic> Br.) (<italic>sic</italic>)
</p>
			<p>Con esta extra&#241;a cita, sin duda Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0480">1905c</xref>: 35) debe estar refiri&#233;ndose a <italic>Hemerobius strigosus</italic> Zetterstedt, 1840, y lo cita como: &#8220;raro en Espa&#241;a&#8221;. Impl&#237;citamente parece citar esta especie, como tal, en nuestra fauna, y aparentemente considera una &#8220;especie&#8221; como sin&#243;nima posterior de ella: (<italic>limbatus</italic> Br.). No conocemos de esta familia ninguna especie con este nombre espec&#237;fico/autor, quiz&#225;s pudiera estar refiri&#233;ndose a <italic>Hemerobius limbatus</italic> Wesmael, 1841. Hoy d&#237;a tanto <italic>Hemerobius limbatus</italic> como <italic>Hemerobius strigosus</italic> son consideradas sinonimias de <italic>Hemerobius stigma</italic> Stephens, 1836.</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Micromus catalaunicus</bold>
				</italic> (<italic>sic</italic>)
</p>
			<p>Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0535">1931b</xref>: 238) cita esta &#8220;especie&#8221; de Pirineos. Debe tratarse de un error y referirse a <italic>Nephasitus catalaunicus</italic> (<italic>sic</italic>) Nav&#225;s, 1930 (que posteriormente cita a continuaci&#243;n), especie sin&#243;nima de <italic>Sympherobius elegans</italic> (Stephens, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0670">1836</xref>), cuyo tipo lista Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0401">1985a</xref>: 240).
</p>
			<p>
				<italic>
					<bold>Micromus verrucivorus</bold>
				</italic> Schrank (<italic>sic</italic>)
</p>
			<p>Tal &#8220;especie&#8221; es citada por Nav&#225;s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0520">1924d</xref>: 25) de Hostalets. Probablemente se trate de un lapsus por <italic>Micromus aphidivorus</italic> (Schrank, 1781) <italic>nomen dubium</italic>, taxa vinculado con <italic>M. angulatus</italic> (Stephens, 1836).
</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>Esta contribuci&#243;n forma parte del Proyecto coordinado de I+D+i Fauna Ib&#233;rica (Neuroptera) CGL2010-22267-C07-05. Deseamos agradecer a los numerosos amigos y colegas, y especialmente a Johannes Gepp, Santiago Pagola, Jose Ignacio L&#243;pez Col&#243;n, Isidro Mart&#237;nez, Jos&#233; Ram&#243;n Pato, Francisco Rodr&#237;guez, Xavier Espadaler y Edith Winkler por el env&#237;o de ejemplares y/o fotos de sus colecciones particulares o de sus centros de investigaci&#243;n. Tambi&#233;n a Fernando Acevedo por su colaboraci&#243;n en la obtenci&#243;n de alguno de los datos aportados, y a Eduardo Ruiz por su ayuda en el tratamiento de las im&#225;genes.
</p>
		</ack>
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