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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">GRA</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Graellsia</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">0367-5041</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient&#x00ED;ficas; Sociedad de Amigos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">GRA201306_e009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3989/graellsia.2014.v70.111</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>LOS MEGAL&#x00D3;PTEROS DE LA PEN&#x00CD;NSULA IB&#x00C9;RICA (INSECTA, NEUROPTERIDA, MEGALOPTERA, SIALIDAE)</article-title>
<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
<trans-title>The alder-flies of the Iberian Peninsula (Insecta, Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Sialidae)</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Megal&#x00F3;pteros de la Pen&#x00ED;nsula Ib&#x00E9;rica</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<name>
<surname>Monserrat</surname>
<given-names>V&#x00ED;ctor J.</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff>Departamento de Zoolog&#x00ED;a y Antropolog&#x00ED;a F&#x00ED;sica, Facultad de Biolog&#x00ED;a, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Espa&#x00F1;a. E-mail: <email xlink:href="artmad@bio.ucm.es">artmad@bio.ucm.es</email>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>70</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id content-type="doi">10.3989/graellsia.2014.v70.111</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>02</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="Published online">
<day>26</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2014 SAM y CSIC</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (cc by-nc) Spain 3.0 License.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>RESUMEN</title>
<p>Se actualiza toda la informaci&#x00F3;n bibliogr&#x00E1;fica relativa a la Pen&#x00ED;nsula Ib&#x00E9;rica y relacionada con las tres especies de megal&#x00F3;pteros presentes en su fauna (Insecta, Neuropterida, Megaloptera: Sialidae). Partiendo de los datos generales conocidos sobre estas especies, y en base a esta informaci&#x00F3;n ib&#x00E9;rica, se aporta una clave de identificaci&#x00F3;n de imagos y larvas de estas especies, y se anotan y se recopilan los datos conocidos sobre su morfolog&#x00ED;a, su biolog&#x00ED;a, sus estadios larvarios y su distribuci&#x00F3;n geogr&#x00E1;fica, fenol&#x00F3;gica y altitudinal en la zona estudiada.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>
<bold>The alder-flies of the Iberian Peninsula (Insecta, Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Sialidae)</bold>
</p>
<p>All existing Iberian bibliographical information related to the three alder-flies species known in the Iberian Peninsula&#x0027;s fauna (Insecta, Neuropterida, Megaloptera: Sialidae) is brought up to date. On the basis of general knowledge about these species, and taking into account the known Iberian data, a key for imagoes and larvae is included and what is known about their morphology, biology, larval stages and geographical, phenological and altitudinal distribution in the area studied is reviewed.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>Pen&#x00ED;nsula Ib&#x00E9;rica</kwd>
<kwd>Faun&#x00ED;stica</kwd>
<kwd>Biolog&#x00ED;a</kwd>
<kwd>Neuropterida</kwd>
<kwd>Megaloptera</kwd>
<kwd>Sialidae</kwd>
<kwd>
<italic>Sialis</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd>&#x201C;monjas&#x201D;</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Iberian Peninsula</kwd>
<kwd>Faunistical</kwd>
<kwd>Biology</kwd>
<kwd>Neuropterida</kwd>
<kwd>Megaloptera</kwd>
<kwd>Sialidae</kwd>
<kwd>
<italic>Sialis</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd>&#x201C;alder-flies&#x201D;.</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="S0001">
<title>Introducci&#243;n</title>
<p>A pesar del gran tama&#241;o que, en ocasiones, presentan sus especies, el orden Megaloptera es uno de los grupos de neur&#243;pteros menos conocido y que menos inter&#233;s ha suscitado en comparaci&#243;n con otros grupos. Presenta una amplia y fragmentada distribuci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica: Sialidae (cosmopolita), Corydalidae (Am&#233;rica, Sud&#225;frica, Asia) y Chauliodidae (Norteam&#233;rica, Chile, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Madagascar, Sud&#225;frica, Jap&#243;n y sud-este de Asia), &#233;sta &#250;ltima a veces considerada con categor&#237;a de subfamilia de la anterior, o ambas con categor&#237;a de subfamila (Chauliodinae, Corydalinae) de Corydalidae, y sus especies est&#225;n mayoritariamente asociadas a zonas tropicales, subtropicales y templadas, en medios h&#250;medos, lacustres, riveras de r&#237;os, bosques de galer&#237;a, etc., y en general est&#225;n ausentes en climas fr&#237;os y zonas de alta monta&#241;a.</p>
<p>Unas 300 especies actuales pertenecientes a 17 g&#233;neros son conocidas y son considerados como uno de los grupos basales dentro de los insectos holomet&#225;bolos y aut&#233;nticos f&#243;siles vivientes (Liu <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0136">2012</xref>), ya existentes antes de la fragmentaci&#243;n de la Pangea en el Jur&#225;sico Medio, con posterior diversificaci&#243;n de elementos de Gondwana y de Laurasia que han llegado hasta la actualidad dejando un abundante registro f&#243;sil.</p>
<p>Los adultos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">4</xref>) son insectos que alcanzan desde grandes tama&#241;os (Chauliodidae, Corydalidae) (alas anteriores de hasta 70 mm) a moderados (Sialidae) (alas anteriores de hasta 22 mm). En las especies europeas pertenecientes a esta familia la longitud del ala anterior oscila entre 7-16 mm en los machos y 11-22 mm en las hembras (medidas de las especies ib&#233;ricas en Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>).</p>
<fig id="F0001">
<label>Figs. 1-4</label>
<caption>
<p>1-2: Ejemplares de <italic>Sialis</italic> en su ambiente natural. 3: acto de la puesta. 4: puesta. Fotograf&#237;as: 1, E. Gil Alcubilla; 2, Carlos Gal&#225;n; 3, Juaco Grijota; 4, Isidro Mart&#237;nez (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.invertebradosdehuesca.com">www.invertebradosdehuesca.com</ext-link>).</p>
<p>1-2: Specimens of <italic>Sialis</italic> in their natural environment. 3: laying. 4: eggs. Photos: 1, E. Gil Alcubilla; 2, Carlos Gal&#225;n; 3, Juaco Grijota; 4, Isidro Mart&#237;nez (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.invertebradosdehuesca.com">www.invertebradosdehuesca.com</ext-link>).</p>
</caption>
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</fig>
<p>Conservan, dentro de los insectos holomet&#225;bolos, caracteres muy primitivos (Weele, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0252">1910</xref>), como la gran extensi&#243;n del campo anal, especialmente en las alas posteriores, y sus fases juveniles no poseen las piezas bucales especializadas que hallamos en otras larvas, tambi&#233;n acu&#225;ticas, de otros neur&#243;pteros (Nevrorthidae, Sisyridae, Osmylidae). Las antenas son moniliformes, a veces pectinadas en los machos y aserradas en las hembras (Chauliodidae) y m&#225;s cortas que las alas, y poseen dos grandes ojos compuestos y generalmente tres ocelos est&#225;n presentes (Chauliodidae, Corydalidae) o carecen de ellos (Sialidae). Poseen cabezas bien esclerificadas, a veces con llamativas expansiones laterales, y piezas bucales prognatas con mand&#237;bulas masticadoras, robustas y dentadas, frecuentemente con dimorfismo sexual, y en ocasiones hipertrofiadas en los machos (Chauliodidae, Corydalidae), palpo maxilar penta-segmentado y labial tri-segmentado.</p>
<p>Poseen el t&#243;rax con pronoto m&#225;s ancho que largo. Sus patas son marchadoras con coxas alargadas, cuarto tars&#243;mero bilobulado (Sialidae) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 3</xref>) y u&#241;as simples. Sus alas son subiguales, opacas, fuertemente pigmentadas de oscuro, negro o pardas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">2</xref>) que les proporciona camuflaje por cripsis en los umbr&#237;os medios donde normalmente habitan, o en vivo, a veces poseen manchas aparentes y pigmentadas de colores llamativos, con tendencia a la disrupci&#243;n de su aspecto, y el pterostigma no est&#225; diferenciado. Venaci&#243;n proporcionalmente escasa y poco especializada. Venas longitudinales no bi-trifurcadas hacia su extremo, y las venillas del campo costal no est&#225;n bifurcadas. Radial con un sector, y vena mediana parcialmente sin esclerificar (Sialidae). Campo anal de las alas posteriores muy extenso y replegado en estado de reposo bajo las anteriores.</p>
<p>El abdomen es blando, flexible y piloso, con 10 segmentos y 8 pares de estigmas, y los tergos y esternos est&#225;n bien definidos y poseen amplias zonas pleurales. La genitalia externa en ambos sexos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 7</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">16</xref>) es muy espec&#237;fica y necesaria para la diferenciaci&#243;n entre las especies.</p>
<p>Existen multitud de estudios sobre la anatom&#237;a, citolog&#237;a, embriolog&#237;a, metamorfosis, etc. de este orden de insectos, que para el lector interesado anotamos en la bibliograf&#237;a, y que a t&#237;tulo de ejemplos, recomendamos Pictet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0193">1836</xref>); Geigy &#38; DuBois (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0082">1935</xref>); DuBois (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0058">1936</xref>); Geigy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0080">1937</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0081">1948</xref>); Geigy &#38; Ochs&#233; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0084">1940a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0085">1940b</xref>); Ochs&#233; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0179">1944</xref>); Beadle &#38; Shaw (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0027">1950</xref>); Geigy &#38; Rahm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0086">1951</xref>); Rahm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0203">1952</xref>), Staddon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0224">1955</xref>); Geigy &#38; Grobe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0083">1958</xref>); Selman (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0217">1960a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0218">1960b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0219">1962</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0220">1965</xref>); Sutcliffe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0227">1962</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0228">1963</xref>); Brown &#38; Fitzpatrick (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0038">1978</xref>); B&#252;ning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0040">1979</xref>); Miyakawa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0155">1979</xref>); Afzelius &#38; Dallai (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0001">1988</xref>), etc., y despu&#233;s de esta diagnosis general introductoria sobre &#233;l, nos limitamos a circunscribirnos mayoritariamente a la familia Sialidae y al g&#233;nero <italic>Sialis</italic> Latreille, 1802 que nos compete, ya que aportar informaci&#243;n de otras familias, especialmente tropicales (Chauliodidae, Corydalidae), dispersar&#237;a la informaci&#243;n que queremos centrar en las especies europeas e ib&#233;ricas en particular. (Informaci&#243;n general sobre el orden Megaloptera o relevante de otras familias o faunas en Stein, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0225">1838</xref>; Heymons &#38; Heymons, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0101">1909</xref>; Stitz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0226">1909</xref>; Weele, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0251">1909</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0252">1910</xref>; Okamoto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0180">1910</xref>; Esben-Petersen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0072">1924</xref>; Barnard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0022">1931</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0023">1940</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0024">1977</xref>; Brues &#38; Melander, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0039">1932</xref>; Syms, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0229">1935</xref>; Ross, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0210">1937</xref>; Banks, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0020">1943</xref>; Riek, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0206">1954</xref>; Chandler, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0044">1956</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>; Meinander, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0151">1962</xref>; Hoffmann, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0105">1962</xref>; Flint, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0075">1965</xref>; Azam &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1969</xref>; Azam, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">1969</xref>; Kaiser &#38; M&#252;ller, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0115">1971</xref>; Mickoleit, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0154">1973</xref>; Pritchard &#38; Leischner, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1973</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0114">1977</xref>; Penny, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0189">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0190">1982</xref>; Pennak, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0188">1978</xref>; Vshivkova, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0245">1980</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0246">1985</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0247">1987</xref>; Penny &#38; Flint, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0191">1982</xref>; Theischinger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0230">1983</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0231">1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0232">1999</xref>; Mansell, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0142">1986</xref>; Contreras-Ramos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0045">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0046">1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0047">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0048">2007</xref>; New &#38; Theischinger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0175">1993</xref>; Whiting, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0255">1994</xref>; Hayashi &#38; Suda, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0100">1995</xref>; Greve, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0090">1996</xref>; Meinander, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0152">1996</xref>; Hayashi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0099">1999</xref>; Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0011">2003</xref>; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0004">2003</xref>; Moor <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0168">2003</xref>; Engel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0070">2004</xref>; Liu &#38; Yang, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0137">2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0138">2006a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0139">2006b</xref>; Liu <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0135">2008</xref>; Yang &#38; Liu, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0265">2010</xref>; Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0012">2010</xref>; Flint, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0077">2011</xref>; Letardi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0133">2012</xref>; Cardoso Costa <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0043">2013</xref>, Liu <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0140">2013</xref>, etc.).</p>
<p>Sus poblaciones son semivoltinas, con una &#250;nica emergencia anual de imagos, mayoritariamente en primavera, generalmente son locales, y en ocasiones mantienen un elevado n&#250;mero de ejemplares (Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0066">1996b</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0006">1978</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>; Plant, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0196">1994</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0236">2001a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>, etc.).</p>
<p>A pesar de tener estructuras bucales caracter&#237;sticas de insectos de car&#225;cter depredador de peque&#241;os artr&#243;podos, pocos datos existen sobre su capacidad real de alimentarse. Hay datos que sugieren visitas a flores y cierta posible polinifagia (Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0171">1929</xref>; DuBois &#38; Geigy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0059">1935</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>) o quiz&#225;s posean dietas nectar&#237;voras, pues tambi&#233;n ingieren fluidos y sustancias azucaradas en condiciones de laboratorio (Pritchard &#38; Leischner, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1973</xref>). Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>) hallan esporas de ascomicetes y algunos granos de polen en el interior del tubo digestivo de imagos en especies del g&#233;nero <italic>Sialis</italic>, que consideran como accidental, y otros autores, a la vista del escaso desarrollo del tubo digestivo en ciertas especies americanas de <italic>Sialis</italic>, han sugerido su incapacidad de alimentarse en este estadio (Azam &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1969</xref>).</p>
<p>En general son insectos de vida corta en estado adulto, su longevidad como imagos no excede de una, al m&#225;ximo un par de semanas (Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0066">1996b</xref>; Hayashi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0099">1999</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>). Con escasa capacidad de agregaci&#243;n, son torpes voladores, de vuelos cortos y breves, y por ello con escasa capacidad de dispersi&#243;n, y si son molestados tienden a caminar o dejarse caer m&#225;s que huir volando (Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>; Geijskes, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0087">1984</xref>; Palomino Morales &#38; Tierno de Figueroa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0185">2002b</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">2003</xref>).</p>
<p>Son insectos de actividad diurna, especialmente matutina, y en particular son m&#225;s activos en d&#237;as soleados, no siendo especialmente atra&#237;dos por la luz artificial en las especies de nuestras latitudes (ninguno de los 272 ejemplares estudiados por nosotros), hecho que no parece ocurrir en otras latitudes (Andersen &#38; Greve, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0002">1975</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0066">1996b</xref>) o con ejemplares de otras especies y familias tropicales (Penny &#38; Flint, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0191">1982</xref>; Penny, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0190">1982</xref>, o ejemplares recolectados por nosotros a la luz en Ecuador).</p>
<p>El cortejo es complejo. La hembra emite feromonas de atracci&#243;n sexual para favorecer la seducci&#243;n y localizaci&#243;n de los ejemplares, y el macho posee receptores en las antenas y los &#243;rganos bucales a tal fin (Geigy &#38; DuBois, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0082">1935</xref>). En el l&#243;bulo anal de las alas anteriores de Sialidae Riek (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0207">1967</xref>) cita microtriquias especializadas, probablemente con funci&#243;n sensorial en relaci&#243;n a la atracci&#243;n-cortejo-c&#243;pula. Varios machos pueden verse atra&#237;dos por una &#250;nica hembra (Azam &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1969</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>), y de uno a varios machos se han visto atra&#237;dos en vuelo por una &#250;nica hembra (Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>).</p>
<p>El apareamiento se realiza en el suelo, generalmente durante la ma&#241;ana a las horas de mayor temperatura (Bertrand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0031">1954</xref>; Palomino Morales &#38; Tierno de Figueroa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0185">2002b</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">2003</xref>). Tambi&#233;n se han descrito receptores y estructuras timp&#225;nicas (&#243;rganos escolopales) y vibraciones (rango de frecuencia de 20-300 Hz) con las alas y abdomen sobre el sustrato para la comunicaci&#243;n sexual entre los individuos de ambos sexos (Rupprecht, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0212">1975</xref>; Devetak, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0055">1998</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>), as&#237; como tocamientos con las antenas. La c&#243;pula se realiza con el macho situado tras la hembra, con su cabeza bajo ella, levant&#225;ndole el extremo abdominal empujando con la cabeza y/o las patas anteriores, y posteriormente, tras 6-7 segundos, arquea su abdomen dorsalmente hasta alcanzar el extremo del abdomen de la hembra (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0117">1932</xref>; Azam &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1969</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0234">2002</xref>). Tras 0,5-2 hasta 10 minutos en esta posici&#243;n, la transferencia del esperma se efect&#250;a mediante un espermat&#243;foro globular (Hayashi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0098">1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0099">1999</xref>), en nuestras especies de llamativo color blanco (de unos 0,2 &#215; 0,14 mm), que queda adherido a la parte ventral del abdomen femenino. Tras la breve c&#243;pula los individuos se separan, la hembra se distancia un trecho, y tras escasos minutos (7-12) recurva ventralmente su abdomen hacia adelante e inicia a masticarlo, sin existir vigilancia del macho en nuestras especies.</p>
<p>Las hembras comen parcialmente el espermat&#243;foro, y durante los minutos siguientes (6-7) se produce la inseminaci&#243;n, y el resto del espermat&#243;foro es devorado por la hembra o sus restos son abandonados (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0117">1932</xref>; Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0118">1944</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">1962</xref>; Hayashi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0098">1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0099">1999</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>). En otras familias (Corydalidae, Chauliodidae) la c&#243;pula es m&#225;s larga (2-6 horas) y la inseminaci&#243;n es m&#225;s lenta, por lo que se observa vigilancia de los machos o sustancias gelatinosas que lo recubren (Hayashi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0099">1999</xref>). Se ha citado con frecuencia que las hembras s&#243;lo se aparean con un macho una &#250;nica vez a lo largo de su vida, pero Withycombe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0262">1923</xref>) observa varios cortejos y apareamientos en los machos (no se ha demostrado la producci&#243;n de nuevos espermat&#243;foros), y Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>) observan varios apareamientos por hembra.</p>
<p>Tras todo ello la hembra busca un punto para efectuar su puesta. Normalmente durante las horas de mayor temperatura, y elige la superficie de las hojas o juncos, en plantas vivas o muertas situadas sobre o cerca de la rivera, aunque ocasionalmente se han hallado puestas sobre troncos, rocas o puentes (incluso sobre el parabrisas de un veh&#237;culo, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Fig. 3</xref>), y por lo general cerca de agua dulce, y a diferentes alturas y plantas seg&#250;n las especies, y en nuestras especies <italic>S. lutaria</italic> prefiere efectuar la puesta en hojas vivas o secas de hojas paralelas, tipo <italic>Phragmites</italic> o juncos, a 0,5-0,75 m sobre la superficie del agua, <italic>S. fuliginosa</italic> prefiere el env&#233;s de hojas de caducifolios, a 3-5 m de la superficie del agua, y <italic>S. nigripes</italic> lo hace sobre vegetaci&#243;n muerta o sobre peque&#241;os tallos o ramitas, a 0,5-3 m sobre el agua (Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0114">1977</xref>).</p>
<p>En las especies europeas, la puesta (de hasta 300-1.100 huevos por hembra, normalmente entre 400-700, con cifras medias en algunas poblaciones estudiadas de hasta 757-841 huevos por hembra) se efect&#250;a en masas compactas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">4</xref>), y los huevos son adheridos mediante secreciones de la hembra y se abandonan api&#241;ados, unos junto a otros en hileras curvas (de 4 a 25 huevos), puestos uno por segundo sobre el sustrato, generalmente formando un cierto &#225;ngulo respecto al plano de soporte (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">4</xref>) (Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0118">1944</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">1962</xref>). A veces, 5-6 d&#237;as despu&#233;s, puede realizar una segunda puesta de menor tama&#241;o (Lestage, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0128">1919</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0129">1920</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0130">1921</xref>; DuBois &#38; Geigy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0059">1935</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0111">1950</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0114">1977</xref>; Bertrand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0031">1954</xref>; Azam &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1969</xref>; Canterbury &#38; Neff, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0041">1980</xref>; Hinton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0104">1981</xref>; Iversen &#38; Thorup, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0110">1987</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0236">2001a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">2003</xref>). De alguna forma la selecci&#243;n del punto de la puesta por parte de la hembra condiciona el h&#225;bitat donde sus larvas se desarrollar&#225;n (Azam &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1969</xref>).</p>
<p>Los huevos son cil&#237;ndricos, alargados (hasta 0,88-1,03 mm de largo), en nuestras especies son de color pardo oscuro en <italic>S. lutaria</italic>, pardo p&#225;lido en <italic>S. fuliginosa</italic> y en <italic>S. nigripes</italic> son p&#225;lidos en el momento de la ovoposici&#243;n, oscureci&#233;ndose a lo largo de su desarrollo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">4</xref>), y poseen un micropilo blanco, grande y aparente, cil&#237;ndrico o globular, y su morfolog&#237;a y tama&#241;o es algo variable seg&#250;n las especies (Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0114">1977</xref>; Kubrakiewicz <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0121">2005</xref>). Los periodos de desarrollo oscilan en funci&#243;n de las condiciones, especialmente de la temperatura (ej.: sin desarrollo bajo 5,9 &#176;C, y de 7 d&#237;as a 24 &#176;C a 20 d&#237;as a 15 &#176;C) (DuBois &#38; Geigy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0059">1935</xref>; Seitz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0216">1940</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>; Azam &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1969</xref>; Pritchard &#38; Leischner, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1973</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0064">1995</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0066">1996b</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0236">2001a</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0234">2002</xref>). La ruptura del corion se efect&#250;a mediante un ovirruptor (Pritchard &#38; Leischner, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1973</xref>). Frecuentemente son parasitados por himen&#243;pteros (<italic>Trichogramma, Ooencyrtus</italic>) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Trichogrammatidae, Encyrtidae), que en nuestras latitudes puede afectar hasta el 0,6% de la puesta, pero puede llegar hasta el 78% en poblaciones americanas estudiadas (Aurivillius, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0014">1898</xref>; Salt, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0213">1937</xref>; Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0118">1944</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">1962</xref>; Pritchard &#38; Leischner, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1973</xref>; Barnard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0024">1977</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>; Noyes &#38; Hirose, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0176">1997</xref>).</p>
<p>Las larvas neonatas emergen, generalmente durante la noche, y todas las larvas de una misma puesta nacen simult&#225;neamente. Tras 1-2 horas endureciendo su tegumento abandonan la zona de puesta, caen al agua o se dispersan para localizar el contacto con el caudal donde buscar alimento y desarrollarse.</p>
<p>Sus estadios juveniles son muy particulares, tanto en su biolog&#237;a como en su morfolog&#237;a (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0002">Figs. 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">21</xref>). Dejando al margen los numerosos estudios realizados sobre su anatom&#237;a, citolog&#237;a, fisiolog&#237;a, embriolog&#237;a etc. (ver Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>), nos circunscribimos a la informaci&#243;n sobre su morfolog&#237;a, biolog&#237;a y comportamiento.</p>
<fig id="F0002">
<label>Fig. 5</label>
<caption>
<p>Aspecto de la larva madura de <italic>Sialis fuliginosa</italic>, seg&#250;n Elliott (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>).</p>
<p>Appearance of the mature larva of <italic>Sialis fuliginosa</italic>, after Elliott (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201306_e009-g002.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="F0003">
<label>Fig. 6</label>
<caption>
<p>Aspecto de la pupa en su c&#225;mara pupal de <italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>, seg&#250;n Elliott (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>).</p>
<p>Appearance of the pupal chamber and pupa of <italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>, after Elliott (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201306_e009-g003.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Las larvas son de tipo campodeiforme, con cabeza y piezas bucales bien esclerificadas, y poseen seis estemas. Les caracterizan sus pares de traqueobranquias plumosas y articuladas a ambos lados de los segmentos abdominales 1-7 y su largo proceso terminal (Sialidae) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0002">Fig. 5</xref>), u 8 pares, no del todo subsegmentadas y 2 procesos terminales acabados en dos peque&#241;as u&#241;as (Corydalidae, Chauliodidae). En las larvas de estas familias los &#250;ltimos segmentos abdominales poseen espir&#225;culos funcionales que les permiten una vida anfibia o respirar aire sobre las rocas emergidas (Pennak, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0188">1978</xref>). Su cuerpo es alargado, algo m&#225;s ancho hacia la zona media, de longitud de hasta 30 mm en Sialidae y de hasta 90 mm en Corydalidae o Chauliodidae. El primer estadio es algo diferente en su morfolog&#237;a a los restantes (cabeza m&#225;s ancha que el t&#243;rax, poseen patas y setas proporcionalmente mayores, con elementos y disposici&#243;n algo distintos respecto a las fases larvarias posteriores y traqueobranquias no segmentadas) (mayor informaci&#243;n en Pictet, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0193">1836</xref>; Davis, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0054">1903</xref>; Lestage, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0130">1921</xref>; Rousseau, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0211">1921</xref>; Barnard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0022">1931</xref>; Emden, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0068">1931</xref>; DuBois &#38; Geigy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0059">1935</xref>; Seitz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0216">1940</xref>; Crass, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0049">1949</xref>; Bertrand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0030">1949</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0031">1954</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0111">1950</xref>; Riek, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0206">1954</xref>; Peterson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0192">1960</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>; Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">1962</xref>; Va&#x0148;hara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0244">1970</xref>; Riek, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0208">1970</xref>; Smith, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0222">1970</xref>; Flint, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">1973</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0114">1977</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>; Elliott <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0067">1979</xref>; Brooker, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0037">1979</xref>; McCafferty, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0146">1981</xref>; Brigham, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0036">1982</xref>; Penny &#38; Flint, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0191">1982</xref>; Gepp, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0088">1984</xref>; Geijskes, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0087">1984</xref>; Paulus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0187">1986</xref>; Beutel &#38; Friedrich, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0032">2008</xref>; Letardi <italic>et</italic>
<italic>al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0133">2012</xref>; Cao &#38; Liu, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0042">2013</xref>, etc.). Para mayor informaci&#243;n de las especies ib&#233;ricas se recomienda Kaiser (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>); Barnard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0024">1977</xref>); Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0236">2001a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0237">2001b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">2003</xref>); Tierno de Figueroa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0234">2002</xref>); Palomino Morales &#38; Tierno de Figueroa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0183">2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0184">2002a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0185">2002b</xref>); Barclay <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0021">2005</xref>).</p>
<p>Las larvas son acu&#225;ticas, planct&#243;nicas al inicio y bent&#243;nicas durante la mayor parte de su desarrollo, habi&#233;ndose descrito alineaciones de setas en las patas con posible funci&#243;n nadadora (Bertrand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0030">1949</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0031">1954</xref>), y habitan en cursos de agua lenticos, lagunas, lagos, y han sido especialmente halladas en el limo o bajo grandes piedras sumergidas, donde cazan peque&#241;os invertebrados y artr&#243;podos. Parece haber cierta tendencia a segregarse en funci&#243;n de las presas, los substratos y los medios en los que habitan (m&#225;s l&#233;nticos o l&#243;ticos, con m&#225;s o menos limos y/o vegetaci&#243;n, etc.), para evitar competir unas y otras especies (Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0118">1944</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">1962</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0111">1950</xref>; Berg &#38; Petersen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0029">1956</xref>; Azam &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1969</xref>; Matthey, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0145">1971</xref>; Macan &#38; Worthington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0141">1972</xref>; Solem, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0223">1973</xref>; McLachlan &#38; McLachlan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0148">1975</xref>; Elliot <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0067">1979</xref>; Townsend &#38; Hildrew, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0242">1979</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>; Mansell, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0142">1986</xref>).</p>
<p>Diversos tipos de par&#225;sitos (Acanthocephala, Hymenostomatida: Tetrahymenidae) han sido descritos para estas fases juveniles (Batson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0026">1985</xref>; Lassiere, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0125">1988</xref>).</p>
<p>Su ciclo biol&#243;gico, extremadamente largo y primitivo (al menos 2 a&#241;os en los que sufren hasta 10 mudas, y en situaciones con escasez de alimento llega en ocasiones a durar m&#225;s de dos a&#241;os, incluso tres en lagos de aguas fr&#237;as), y ha sido frecuentemente estudiado en diversos pa&#237;ses europeos (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0116">1926</xref>; DuBois &#38; Geigy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0059">1935</xref>; Geigy &#38; DuBois, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0082">1935</xref>; Tjeder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1937</xref>; Geigy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0080">1937</xref>; Berg, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0028">1938</xref>; Seitz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0216">1940</xref>; Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0118">1944</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">1962</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0111">1950</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0112">1956</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0114">1977</xref>; Geigy &#38; Grobe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0083">1958</xref>; Azam &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1969</xref>; Matthey, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0145">1971</xref>; Pritchard &#38; Leischner, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1973</xref>; Giani &#38; Laville, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0089">1973</xref>; Andersen &#38; Greve, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0002">1975</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>; Brooker, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0037">1979</xref>; Fischer &#38; Ohm, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">1986</xref>; Dall, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0052">1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1989</xref>; Greve &#38; Andersen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0091">2012</xref>, etc.). M&#225;s adelante referiremos los datos ib&#233;ricos conocidos.</p>
<p>En la fase inicial miden 0,7-2 mm y son fototr&#243;picas positivas (al contrario de lo que ocurre en fases sucesivas) y en parte pel&#225;gicas (activas nadadoras) y parcialmente planct&#243;nicas, siendo arrastradas por la corriente a puntos alejados de la puesta. La primera muda se efect&#250;a a los 3-5 d&#237;as y las fases sucesivas viven entre el limo, generalmente en aguas someras, aunque las larvas m&#225;s maduras van colonizando medios m&#225;s profundos, y a veces se han citado en lagos hasta a 20 m de profundidad (DuBois &#38; Geigy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0059">1935</xref>; Humphries, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">1936</xref>; Berg &#38; Petersen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0029">1956</xref>; Matthey, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0145">1971</xref>; Macan &#38; Worthington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0141">1972</xref>; Giani &#38; Laville, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0089">1973</xref>; Dall, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0052">1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">1989</xref>), y requieren 10 estadios hasta alcanzar su madurez (Giani &#38; Laville, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0089">1973</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0066">1996b</xref>). Curiosamente algunos experimentos pueden inducir a la pupaci&#243;n a partir del 7&#176; estadio (Selman, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0217">1960a</xref>; Pritchard &#38; Leischner, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1973</xref>).</p>
<p>Generalmente pasan el primer invierno ya en 6&#176;-7&#176; estadio, y el segundo en el 10&#176; y &#250;ltimo, que pupar&#225;n llegada la primavera. En &#250;ltimos estadios existe un marcado dimorfismo sexual en el tama&#241;o de las larvas, seg&#250;n vayan a ser machos (12-22 mm) o hembras (18-26 mm). Tambi&#233;n se han descrito en la parte ventral de los segmentos abdominales 7&#176;-9&#176; caracteres de dimorfismo sexual en fases larvarias maduras.</p>
<p>Son voraces depredadoras, poco selectivas, eligiendo presas en funci&#243;n de su estadio y tama&#241;o, aliment&#225;ndose de microorganismos en fases iniciales, de crust&#225;ceos y ninfas de insectos acu&#225;ticos en las fases medias y de larvas de quiron&#243;midos, y de oligoquetos y moluscos en fases m&#225;s avanzadas (y a su vez son presas de peces o de n&#225;yades de odonatos). En condiciones de laboratorio y periodos escasez pueden sobrevivir hasta dos meses sin alimento. Se ha citado canibalismo sobre fases m&#225;s inmaduras, y en este estadio las tasas de mortalidad son elevadas. M&#225;s informaci&#243;n sobre fases larvarias en Pictet, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0193">1836</xref>; Lestage, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0128">1919</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0129">1920</xref>; Withycombe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0262">1923</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0263">1925</xref>; DuBois &#38; Geigy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0059">1935</xref>; Berg, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0028">1938</xref>; Seitz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0216">1940</xref>; Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0118">1944</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">1962</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0111">1950</xref>; Geigy &#38; Grobe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0083">1958</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0114">1977</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0061">1967a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0062">1967b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>; Azam &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1969</xref>; Giani &#38; Laville, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0089">1973</xref>; Pritchard &#38; Leischner, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0202">1973</xref>; Griffiths, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0092">1973</xref>; Hildrew &#38; Townsend, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0102">1976</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0103">1982</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0006">1978</xref>, etc.</p>
<p>Completado su desarrollo, las larvas empiezan a salir del agua (generalmente al atardecer o a primeras horas de la noche) a principios de primavera (en Inglaterra entre marzo-principios de junio), y pupan eligiendo un sustrato adecuado, a veces justo sobre la l&#237;nea del nivel del agua, a veces bastante retirado del curso de agua (citado hasta m&#225;s de 5.000 m), confeccionando bajo la superficie del suelo una c&#225;mara pupal (de unos 7,7-11 &#215; 4,1-5,5 mm, siendo mayores las de las hembras que las de los machos), dentro de la cual, en un d&#237;a, mudan a pupa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Fig. 6</xref>). No fabrican capullo de seda para forrar esta c&#225;mara (Weele, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0252">1910</xref>). La profundidad de estas c&#225;maras es, seg&#250;n especie y sustrato, de entre 5-32 mm. La pupa es de tipo exarata, habitual en los Neuropterida, y posee espinas dorsales que la mantienen fuera del contacto directo con la c&#225;mara pupal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">Fig. 6</xref>). Se han citado posiciones bien horizontales como verticales en esta fase, as&#237; como diferentes tipos de c&#225;maras, cerradas-abiertas, el&#237;pticas, en forma de J, etc. (Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>), en funci&#243;n del sustrato elegido, y a veces se han hallado entre la vegetaci&#243;n de rivera o bajo cortezas (Killington, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0116">1926</xref>; Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0118">1944</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">1962</xref>; Barnard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0025">1978</xref>; Palomino Morales &#38; Tierno de Figueroa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0184">2002a</xref>).</p>
<p>Emerge posteriormente el imago entre los siguientes 5, 10, 20, 30, 72, 84 d&#237;as, en funci&#243;n de la temperatura (ej. 72 d&#237;as a 6 &#176;C; 5 d&#237;as a 21 &#176;C), tras liberarse de la exuvia pupal y salir de la c&#225;mara pupal (si &#233;sta es abierta) o salir de la c&#225;mara pupal y mudar en el sustrato (si &#233;sta es cerrada). En general su ciclo (de huevo a imago) necesita usualmente dos a&#241;os, aunque en lagos de monta&#241;a puede requerir hasta tres (Geigy &#38; Grobe, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0083">1958</xref>; Giani &#38; Laville, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0089">1973</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0064">1995</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0066">1996b</xref>).</p>
<p>El inter&#233;s por estos bellos, humildes y pesados insectos ha despertado la atenci&#243;n desde los primeros entom&#243;logos (Linnaeus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0134">1758</xref>; Scopoli, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0215">1763</xref>; Latreille, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0126">1802</xref>; Leach, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0127">1815</xref>; Pictet, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0193">1836</xref>; etc.) quienes efectuaron las iniciales descripciones cient&#237;ficas. Su taxonom&#237;a y sistem&#225;tica empez&#243; a ser estudiada por Rambur (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0204">1842</xref>); Hagen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0094">1866a</xref>); MacLachlan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0149">1868a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0150">1868b</xref>); Brauer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0034">1868</xref>); Banks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0018">1895</xref>); Davis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0054">1903</xref>); Weele (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0249">1906a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0250">1906b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0251">1909</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0252">1910</xref>); Banks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0019">1908</xref>); Lestage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0131">1927a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0132">1927b</xref>), etc. Recientemente son destacables las obras de Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al.</italic> (Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al.</italic> (Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al.</italic> (Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0006">1978</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>); Theischinger (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0230">1983</xref>); Theischinger &#38; Houston (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0233">1988</xref>); New &#38; Theischinger (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0175">1993</xref>); Contreras-Ramos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0046">1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0047">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0048">2007</xref>); Theischinger (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0232">1999</xref>); Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0011">2003</xref>); Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0135">2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0136">2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0140">2013</xref>), etc.</p>
<p>Como hemos indicado, el orden est&#225; constituido por unas 300 especies (Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0181">2007</xref>) conocidas en todos los continentes. Con cerca de 17 g&#233;neros pertenecientes a tres familias habitualmente reconocidas: Chauliodidae (&#193;frica, Asia, Australia, Norteam&#233;rica y Sudam&#233;rica), con unas 70 especies; Corydalidae (Asia, Norteam&#233;rica y Sudam&#233;rica) con unas 80 especies (&#233;stas a veces consideradas subfamilias: Chauliodinae y Corydalinae de Chauliodidae); y Sialidae (Europa, &#193;frica, Asia, Australia, Norteam&#233;rica y Sudam&#233;rica), con unas 66 especies actuales de distribuci&#243;n mayoritariamente hol&#225;rtica, de las que la mayor&#237;a pertenecen al g&#233;nero <italic>Sialis</italic>, y con algunos g&#233;neros neotropicales, sudafricanos, australianos y del sudeste asi&#225;tico (<italic>Protosialis</italic> Weele, 1909; <italic>Nipponosialis</italic> Kuwayama, 1962; <italic>Leptosialis</italic> Esben-Petersen, 1920; <italic>Stenosialis</italic> Tillyard, 1919; <italic>Austrosialis</italic> Tillyard, 1919; <italic>Indosialis</italic> Lestage, 1927) (Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al.</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0006">1978</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">2001</xref>; Oswald &#38; Penny, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0182">1991</xref>; New &#38; Theischinger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0175">1993</xref>; Whiting, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0255">1994</xref>; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0181">2007</xref>). En Europa son conocidas seis especies del g&#233;nero <italic>Sialis</italic>, g&#233;nero con unas 60 especies (Europa, norte de &#193;frica, norte de Asia hasta Jap&#243;n y Norteam&#233;rica) (Davis, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0054">1903</xref>; Kuwayama, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0122">1962</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>; Asp&#246;ck &#38; Asp&#246;ck, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0010">1983</xref>; Oswald &#38; Penny, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0182">1991</xref>; Asp&#246;ck &#38; H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0008">1996</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">2001</xref>; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0181">2007</xref>).</p>
<p>El registro f&#243;sil en esta familia no es escaso, y varias familias y g&#233;neros f&#243;siles, y numerosas especies han sido descritas. Las m&#225;s antiguas &#8224;Permosialidae del P&#233;rmico euroasi&#225;tico y australiano (asignadas a Miomoptera), &#8224;<italic>Parasialis,</italic> &#x2020;<italic>Sojanasialis</italic> (&#8224;Parasialidae) del P&#233;rmico ruso, y &#8224;<italic>Dobbertinia</italic> (Dobbertiniinae) del Jur&#225;sico Inferior-Li&#225;sico alem&#225;n, &#8224;<italic>Eochauliodes</italic>, (&#8224;Euchauliodidae) y &#8224;<italic>Jurochauliodes</italic> del Tri&#225;sico sudafricano-Jur&#225;sico Medio ruso, mongol, chino, &#8224;<italic>Cretochaulus</italic> del Cret&#225;cico Inferior ruso, &#8224;<italic>Chauliosialis</italic> del Cret&#225;cico Superior de Siberia, etc., y otros taxa m&#225;s recientes se han descrito del Mesozoico, mayoritariamente del &#225;mbar del Eoceno &#8211; Mioceno-Plioceno b&#225;ltico, dominicano, cubano, turco, asi&#225;tico, australiano, italiano o franc&#233;s (&#8224;<italic>Corydasialis</italic>, &#x2020;<italic>Eosialis</italic>, &#x2020;<italic>Austrosialis</italic>, &#x2020;<italic>Protochauliodes,</italic> &#x2020;<italic>Protosialis =</italic> &#x2020;<italic>Ilyobius, &#8224;Nipponosialis</italic>), algunos considerados como <italic>Sialis</italic>. Tambi&#233;n han sido descritas larvas asignadas a alguno de estos g&#233;neros desde el P&#233;rmico al Cret&#225;cico y del Oligoceno-Mioceno-Pleistoceno-actual (&#8224;<italic>Proindosialis,</italic> &#8224;<italic>Indosialis</italic>) asignables a este orden, adem&#225;s de especies asignadas a g&#233;neros actuales (<italic>Sialis</italic>, <italic>Chauliodes</italic>), etc. (Pictet-Baraban &#38; Hagen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0195">1856</xref>; Enderlein, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0069">1910</xref>; Handlirsch, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0096">1920</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0097">1925</xref>; Sharov, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0221">1953</xref>; Bertrand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0031">1954</xref>; Weidner, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0253">1958</xref>; Illies, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0108">1967a</xref>; Tjeder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0241">1968</xref>; Riek, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0209">1974</xref>; Ponomarenko, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0198">1976</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0199">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0200">1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0201">2000</xref>; Larsson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0124">1978</xref>; Parker, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0186">1982</xref>; Anderson &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0003">1983</xref>; Schl&#252;ter, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0214">1986</xref>; Tr&#246;ger, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0243">1986</xref>; Wootton, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0264">1988</xref>; Nel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0172">1988</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0173">1990</xref>; Lambkin, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0123">1992</xref>; Wichard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0256">1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0257">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0258">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0259">2005</xref>; Fehler, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0073">1999</xref>; Ansorge, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0005">2001</xref>; Nel <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0174">2002</xref>; Weitschat &#38; Wichard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0254">2002</xref>; Engel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0070">2004</xref>; Grimaldi &#38; Engel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0093">2005</xref>; Wichard <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0260">2005</xref>; Wichard &#38; Engel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0261">2006</xref>; Engel &#38; Grimaldi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">2007</xref>; Wang &#38; Zhang, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0248">2010</xref>; Liu <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0136">2012</xref>, etc.).</p>
<p>Respecto a la fauna actual de nuestro entorno, las especies europeas empezaron a ser m&#225;s intensamente estudiadas recientemente por Bertrand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0031">1954</xref>); Meinander (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0151">1962</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0152">1996</xref>); Selman (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0220">1965</xref>); Illies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">1967b</xref>); Va&#328;hara (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0244">1970</xref>); Barnard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0024">1977</xref>); Elliott (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>). Finalmente Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0006">1978</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>), Vshivkova (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0246">1985</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0247">1987</xref>) y Zakharenko &#38; Krivokhatsky (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0266">1993</xref>) revisan las especies europeas, y Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">2001</xref>) recopilan la informaci&#243;n de las especies del Pale&#225;rtico Occidental.</p>
<p>En relaci&#243;n a nuestra fauna, ha de indicarse que desde la primera vez que se cit&#243; esta familia en la pen&#237;nsula con la descripci&#243;n de <italic>Sialis nigripes</italic> de San Ildefonso, Segovia (Pictet, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0194">1865</xref>), no son numerosas las citas bibliogr&#225;ficas antiguas existentes, mayoritariamente las rese&#241;as del s. XIX son referencias a esta cita (ver Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref> y nuevas referencias antiguas ahora recogidas), siendo en general proporcionalmente escasas en relaci&#243;n a otras familias de neur&#243;pteros m&#225;s frecuentes o m&#225;s ricas en especies (Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>). Con respecto a las citas y referencias posteriores existentes en la bibliograf&#237;a del s. XX relacionada con la zona tratada (73 referencias bibliogr&#225;ficas, de las que 27 no son m&#225;s que simples rese&#241;as a Espa&#241;a, Portugal o Andorra en la distribuci&#243;n general de las especies), la mayor&#237;a fueron dadas por L. Nav&#225;s, quien adem&#225;s de dar numerosas citas faun&#237;sticas, describi&#243; varias especies que posteriormente han sido propuestas o citadas como <italic>nomina dubia</italic> (Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0006">1978</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>; Poggi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0197">1993</xref>), y finalmente fueron propuestas como sinonimias de especies previamente conocidas (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>). Dado que pocas veces este autor utilizaba la genitalia para la identificaci&#243;n de los ejemplares, estas citas han de tomarse con mucha cautela. De hecho, Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>) estudia el material previamente citado por L. Nav&#225;s y existente en los museos de Madrid y Barcelona, y pocos ejemplares estaban correctamente identificados. Aun as&#237;, las tres especies conocidas en la fauna ib&#233;rica fueron citadas en la pen&#237;nsula bajo diferentes combinaciones nomenclaturales, sinonimias habitualmente aceptadas y variedades de escaso inter&#233;s taxon&#243;mico, citas y combinaciones que fueron mencionadas por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>) y Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Al margen de las citas hist&#243;ricas, en el &#250;ltimo tercio del pasado siglo han aparecido nuevos registros (ver cada caso en el listado de citas en las especies tratadas), y Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>) recoge las mayor&#237;a de las referencias bibliogr&#225;ficas existentes hasta 1980 relacionadas con nuestra fauna, y aporta mapas de la distribuci&#243;n de las especies conocidas en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica. &#218;ltimamente Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>) ha resuelto la posici&#243;n taxon&#243;mica de las especies ib&#233;ricas pertenecientes a esta familia que hasta entonces pose&#237;an una situaci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica dudosa o sin resolver, habiendo propuesto como sin&#243;nima alguna nueva especie recientemente descrita en nuestra fauna (Vshivkova, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0246">1985</xref>), y por &#250;ltimo la lista de las especies iberobaleares de esta familia con sus sinonimias y combinaciones nomenclaturales bajo las cuales han sido citadas, as&#237; como el cartografiado de su distribuci&#243;n hasta entonces conocida ha sido recientemente aportada por Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>).</p>
<p>La familia Sialidae est&#225; representada en nuestra fauna por tres especies del g&#233;nero <italic>Sialis</italic>, que est&#225;n citadas de Espa&#241;a peninsular, Portugal peninsular y Andorra, y hasta el presente, ninguna de ellas est&#225; citada de Baleares. Obviamente no se descarta que puedan aparecer nuevos registros en otras &#225;reas diferentes a las hasta ahora conocidas, de hecho, Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>) destacan que a&#250;n existen numerosas &#225;reas ibero-baleares escasamente muestreadas, donde es posible su presencia.</p>
<p>Como ocurre con tantos otros grupos de insectos, actualmente los megal&#243;pteros son objeto de atenci&#243;n en Internet (McEwen &#38; Oswald, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0147">1998</xref>), y en relaci&#243;n a nuestra fauna, se mencionan en multitud de foros que recientemente han aparecido. Por las mismas razones aducidas para las citas bibliogr&#225;ficas de estas especies, estos registros en la red podr&#237;an considerarse siempre que los datos aportados en estas webs sean los correctos (tanto en el registro de los datos faun&#237;sticos, como en la correcta identificaci&#243;n de las especies).</p>
<p>Contribuir a un mayor conocimiento de estas poco conocidas especies en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica, aportar claves de identificaci&#243;n de sus imagos y sus larvas, y actualizar la informaci&#243;n existente sobre ellas en nuestra fauna son los objetivos de la presente contribuci&#243;n.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S0002">
<title>Material y m&#233;todo</title>
<p>Para la realizaci&#243;n de esta revisi&#243;n se han tenido en cuenta los principales trabajos que aportan informaci&#243;n general sobre la familia o sobre las especies que tratamos, as&#237; como todos los art&#237;culos existentes en la bibliograf&#237;a espec&#237;ficamente relacionados con estas especies en la fauna ib&#233;rica. De las referencias bibliogr&#225;ficas en las que se anota material ib&#233;rico, solo han sido consideradas las dadas por autores de reconocida solvencia o si se trata de material recolectado o revisado por nosotros, dejando al margen las citas de identificaci&#243;n dudosa o cuestionable. De todos estos registros, un total de 272 ejemplares corresponden a material que ya ha sido previamente recolectado, estudiado y/o citado por el autor, en ellos y en las citas dadas por autores de reconocida solvencia basamos este estudio.</p>
<p>Como se ha indicado, la mayor&#237;a de las referencias bibliogr&#225;ficas existentes sobre estas especies dadas en nuestra fauna hab&#237;a sido recopilada por Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>), y ahora se a&#241;aden nuevas referencias que no fueron registradas en aquel momento, o que han aparecido desde entonces, actualizando la informaci&#243;n bibliogr&#225;fica existente (ver informaci&#243;n en cada una de las especies). Ahora las anotamos cronol&#243;gicamente ordenadas seg&#250;n las sinonimias habitualmente aceptadas y/o las diferentes combinaciones nomenclaturales bajo las cuales han sido mencionadas, y para una mayor informaci&#243;n y comodidad del lector, en ellas ahora anotamos las p&#225;ginas donde se aporta informaci&#243;n sobre su biolog&#237;a (bio), descripci&#243;n taxon&#243;mica (d), distribuci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica (dis), fenolog&#237;a (fen), aparezca en una clave (key), en una lista (list) o se aporten datos sobre sus huevos (h), estadios larvarios (l), pupa (p), morfolog&#237;a (mf), o se haga referencia a su presencia en los pa&#237;ses de la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica en su distribuci&#243;n general (rf).</p>
<p>Las fotograf&#237;as del aspecto general de los adultos fueron tomadas por sus respectivos autores que citamos, y para el lector interesado, en la web anotada se puede recabar mayor informaci&#243;n sobre ellas.</p>
<p>Los mapas de la distribuci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica de las especies tratadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0007">Figs. 22</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0007">24</xref>) se basan en la informaci&#243;n recopilada por Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>), con la actualizaci&#243;n de los nuevos registros no anotados entonces o aparecidos hasta ahora.</p>
<p>Sobre la taxonom&#237;a, sistem&#225;tica morfolog&#237;a general (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figs. 1</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">4</xref>) se sigue la terminolog&#237;a habitualmente usada para esta familia (Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>). Para la distribuci&#243;n general de las especies europeas de la familia se recomienda la recopilada por Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">2001</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S0003">
<title>Resultados y discusi&#243;n</title>
<p>
<disp-quote>
<p>L<sc>OS</sc> M<sc>EGAL&#211;PTEROS DE LA PEN&#205;NSULA</sc> I<sc>B&#201;RICA</sc>
</p>
<p>
<bold>Megaloptera</bold> Latreille, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0126">1802</xref>: 289</p>
<p>
<bold>Sialidae</bold> Leach in Brewster, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0127">1815</xref>: 139
</p>
<p>
<bold>Sialinae</bold> Leach in Brewster, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0127">1815</xref>: 139</p>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Sialis</italic>
</bold> Latreille, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0126">1802</xref>: 290</p>
<p>Especie tipo: <bold>
<italic>Hemerobius lutarius</italic>
</bold> Linnaeus, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0134">1758</xref>: 550</p>
</disp-quote>
</p>
<fig id="F0004">
<label>Figs. 7-12</label>
<caption>
<p>Esquema del extremo abdominal masculino, vista lateral y caudal de 7-8: <italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>, 9-10: <italic>Sialis fuliginosa</italic>, 11-12: <italic>Sialis nigripes</italic>. Escala en mm para todas las figuras. (cp: catoproceso; epr: ectoprocto; gs: gonarco; md: mediunco; S: esternito; T: terguito; u: utriculi).</p>
<p>Scheme of male abdominal tip, lateral and caudal of: 7-8: <italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>, 9-10: <italic>Sialis fuliginosa</italic>, 11-12: <italic>Sialis nigripes</italic>. Scale in mm for all figures. (cp: catoprocessus; epr: ectoproct; gs: gonarcus; md: mediuncus; S: sternite; T: tergite; u: utriculi).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201306_e009-g004.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="F0005">
<label>Figs. 13-16</label>
<caption>
<p>13, 14: Esquema del extremo abdominal femenino, vista lateral y ventral de <italic>Sialis nigripes,</italic> 15: Esquema del s&#233;ptimo y octavo esternito, vista ventral de <italic>Sialis lutaria,</italic> 16: &#205;dem de <italic>Sialis fuliginosa.</italic> Escala en mm para todas las figuras. (epr: ectoprocto; gl: gonap&#243;fisis laterales; S: esternito; sg: placa subgenital; st: estilo; T: terguito).</p>
<p>13, 14: Scheme of female abdominal tip, lateral and ventral view of <italic>Sialis nigripes,</italic> 15: Scheme of seventh and eighth sternite, ventral view of <italic>Sialis lutaria,</italic> 16: Ditto of <italic>Sialis fuliginosa.</italic> Scale in mm for all figures. (epr: ectoproct; gl: lateral gonapophises; S: sternite; sg: subgenital plate; st: estilus; T: tergite).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201306_e009-g004.tif"/>
</fig>
<disp-quote>
<p>C<sc>LAVE DE IMAGOS</sc>:</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Aunque en ocasiones algunos caracteres de tama&#241;o y venaci&#243;n alar se han utilizados para la identificaci&#243;n de las especies pale&#225;rticas o europeas (MacLachlan, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0149">1868a</xref>; Davis, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0054">1903</xref>; Fraser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0078">1959</xref>; Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">1962</xref>; Hoffmann, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0105">1962</xref>; Kuwayama, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0122">1962</xref>; Va&#328;hara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0244">1970</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, etc.), estos caracteres son extremadamente variables (Ross, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0210">1937</xref>; Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0111">1950</xref>; Meinander, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0151">1962</xref>; Selman, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0220">1965</xref>; Va&#328;hara, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0244">1970</xref>; Barnard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0024">1977</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>) y no conviene utilizarlos. Por ello nos circunscribimos a los caracteres de genitalia en ambos sexos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 7</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">16</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap>
<caption>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Machos</italic>
</bold>.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">1</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noveno terguito y noveno esternito de similar longitud. &#201;ste posee forma de placa ancha a modo de esp&#225;tula-cuchara, sobrepasando la longitud dorsal del abdomen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 7</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">8</xref>). Gonarco con dos orificios laterales por donde salen dos utriculi membranosos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Fig. 8</xref>). Mediunco en forma de &#250;nico dent&#237;culo central (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Fig. 8</xref>)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">
<bold>
<italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">-</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noveno terguito mucho mayor que el noveno esternito. &#201;ste posee forma de placa peque&#241;a o estrecha que no sobrepasa la longitud dorsal del abdomen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 9</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">12</xref>). Gonarco sin dos orificios laterales y sin utriculi membranosos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Figs. 10</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">12</xref>). Mediunco con dos dent&#237;culos terminales, bien visibles en vista lateral o uno central bifurcado, visibles en vista caudal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Fig. 10</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">12</xref>)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noveno esternito de tama&#241;o mediano, algo m&#225;s corto que el noveno terguito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Fig. 9</xref>). Gonarco ancho, arqueado hacia arriba en vista lateral, con dos dent&#237;culos apicales, uno dorsal y otro ventral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Fig. 10</xref>). Catoprocesos sin dent&#237;culos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Fig. 10</xref>). Ectoprocto acabado en dos dent&#237;culos caudales (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Fig. 10</xref>)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">
<bold>
<italic>Sialis&#160;fuliginosa</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">-</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Noveno esternito muy peque&#241;o, mucho m&#225;s corto que el noveno terguito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Fig. 11</xref>). Gonarco estrecho, arqueado hacia abajo en vista lateral, con un dent&#237;culo apical bifurcado en el extremo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Fig. 12</xref>). Catoprocesos con dent&#237;culos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Fig. 12</xref>). Ectoprocto no acabado en dos dent&#237;culos caudales (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">Fig. 12</xref>)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">
<bold>
<italic>Sialis nigripes</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap>
<caption>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Hembras</italic>
</bold>.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">1</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">S&#233;ptimo esternito de m&#225;rgenes latero-caudales prolongados en dos procesos convexos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">Figs. 13</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">14</xref>)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">
<bold>
<italic>Sialis nigripes</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">-</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">S&#233;ptimo esternito de m&#225;rgenes latero-caudales acodados o redondeados, pero no prolongados en dos procesos convexos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">Figs. 15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">16</xref>)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">S&#233;ptimo esternito de m&#225;rgenes latero-caudales levemente redondeados y margen caudal convexo. Placa subgenital trapecial, no estrechado sobre la l&#237;nea media, portando una expansi&#243;n triangular en su margen caudal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">Fig. 15</xref>)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">
<bold>
<italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">-</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">S&#233;ptimo esternito de m&#225;rgenes latero-caudales levemente acodados y margen caudal c&#243;ncavo. Placa subgenital bi-espatulada, estrechada sobre la l&#237;nea media, sin portar una expansi&#243;n triangular en su margen caudal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">Fig. 16</xref>)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">
<bold>
<italic>Sialis&#160;fuliginosa</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<disp-quote>
<p>C<sc>LAVE DE HUEVOS</sc>:</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Para los lectores interesados puede utilizarse Kaiser (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0114">1977</xref>).</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>C<sc>LAVE DE LARVAS</sc>:</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Al igual que hemos citado en el caso de los imagos, tambi&#233;n ciertos caracteres de coloraci&#243;n han sido a veces utilizados para diferenciar las larvas de las especies (Kimmins, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0118">1944</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">1962</xref>; Azam &#38; Anderson, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">1969</xref>), caracteres que han resultado muy variables seg&#250;n estadios y poblaciones, por lo que deben tomarse como complementarias a otros elementos de &#237;ndole m&#225;s morfol&#243;gico (Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>). En cualquier caso las claves que aportamos deben aplicarse a fases larvarias maduras (L4-L10), no siendo aplicables a fases juveniles m&#225;s inmaduras (Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">1961</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0114">1977</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>; Elliott <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0067">1979</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">1</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Cabeza con sutura post-occipital marcadamente arqueada hacia la zona media, acabando a cierta distancia de la sutura epicraneal media, sin alcanzarla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">Fig. 17</xref>). Margen lateral del labro fuertemente denticulado. Tegumento cef&#225;lico dorsal con dos manchas oscuras y oblicuas desde la regi&#243;n ocelar a la regi&#243;n posterior de la cabeza (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">Fig. 17</xref>). Tergos abdominales con una mancha p&#225;lida media romboidal y dos peque&#x00F1;as laterales, a veces fusionadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">Fig. 20</xref>)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">
<bold>
<italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">-</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Cabeza con sutura post-occipital apenas arqueada hacia la zona media, acabando sobre la sutura epicraneal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">Fig. 18</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">19</xref>). Margen lateral del labro muy d&#233;bilmente denticulado. Tegumento cef&#225;lico sin dos manchas oscuras y oblicuas desde la regi&#x00F3;n ocelar a la regi&#243;n posterior de la cabeza (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">Figs. 18</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">19</xref>). Tergos abdominales sin una mancha p&#x00E1;lida media, si acaso s&#243;lo dos laterales (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0002">Figs. 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">21</xref>)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Cabeza parda oscura con pigmentaci&#243;n seg&#250;n <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0002">figuras 5</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">18</xref>, y con sutura post-occipital no acodada en la l&#237;nea media (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">Fig. 18</xref>). En ejemplares vivos cabeza y t&#243;rax pardos, m&#225;s oscuros que el abdomen, que posee un tinte anaranjado</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">
<bold>
<italic>Sialis&#160;fuliginosa</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">-</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Cabeza amarillenta con pocas zonas levemente m&#225;s oscuras en la zona interocular seg&#250;n la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">figura 19</xref> y con sutura post-occipital acodada en la l&#237;nea media (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">Fig. 19</xref>). En ejemplares vivos cabeza y t&#243;rax amarillentos, m&#225;s p&#225;lidos que el abdomen, que es pardo amarillento</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"/>
<td valign="bottom" align="left">
<bold>
<italic>Sialis nigripes</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="F0006">
<label>Figs. 17-21</label>
<caption>
<p>Esquema de la c&#225;psula cef&#225;lica de 17: <italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>, 18: <italic>Sialis fuliginosa,</italic> 19: <italic>Sialis nigripes</italic>. Segundo segmento abdominal, vista dorsal de 20: <italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>, 21: <italic>Sialis fuliginosa.</italic> Escala en mm para todas las figuras. (ep: sutura epicraneal, p. occ: sutura post-occipital). Seg&#250;n Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>.</p>
<p>Scheme of cephalic capsule of 17: <italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>, 18: <italic>Sialis fuliginosa,</italic> 19: <italic>Sialis nigripes</italic>. Second abdominal segment, dorsal view of: 20: <italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>, 21: <italic>Sialis fuliginosa</italic>. Scale in mm for all figures. (ep: epicraneal suture, p. occ: post-occipital suture). From Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">1977</xref>.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201306_e009-g005.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Sialis lutaria</italic>
</bold> Linnaeus, 1758</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Hagen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0095">1866b</xref>: 287 (dis); Bol&#237;var, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0033">1873</xref>: 61 (dis); Brauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0035">1876</xref>: 288 (rf); Cun&#237; y Martorell, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0050">1880</xref>: 242 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0051">1888</xref>: 163 (dis); Dzi&#281;dzielewicz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0060">1890</xref>: 95 (rf); King &#38; Halbert, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0120">1910</xref>: 71 (rf); Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0268">1917</xref>: 318 (dis); Mosely, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0169">1932</xref>: 281 (dis); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>: 35 (key), 79 (bio, dis, fen, mf, tx, rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0157">1984</xref>: 33 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0158">1985</xref>: 90 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>: 328 (dis, tx), 331 (rf); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0160">1986b</xref>: 96 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0161">1987</xref>: 251, 252 (bio, rf); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0057">1988b</xref>: 218 (rf); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0143">1989</xref>: 290 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0144">1990</xref>: 222 (rf); Monserrat <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0166">1994</xref>: 60 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0162">1996</xref>: 12 (dis, list); Palomino Morales &#38; Tierno de Figueroa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0183">2001</xref>: 24 (bio, rf); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">2001</xref>: 61 (rf); Badano <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0017">2011</xref>: 53 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>: 158 (dis, tx), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0164">2011b</xref>: 20, 30, 98, 100 (bio, key, l, list, mf); Ochar&#225;n <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0178">2012</xref>: 422 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>: 15 (list, tx), 37 (dis).</p>
<p><italic>Sialis flavilatera</italic> (Linnaeus, 1758) &#8212; Reuter, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0205">1894</xref>: 13 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>: 15 (list).</p>
<p><italic>Sialis excelsior</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1917 &#8212; Bohigas &#38; Sanchez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0268">1917</xref>: 318 (dis); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>: 79 (tx, rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>: 322, 328 (tx); Poggi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0197">1993</xref>: 419 (dis, rf, tx); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>: 158 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>: 15 (list).</p>
<p>
<italic>Sialis atra</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1927 &#8212; Nav&#225;s, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0170">1928</xref>: 80 (dis); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>: 79 (tx, rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>: 329 (rf), 332 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0162">1996</xref>: 16 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>: 157 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>: 15 (list).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Especie ampliamente distribuida en Europa.</p>
<p>En la pen&#237;nsula esta especie es mayoritariamente conocida de la mitad septentrional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0007">Fig. 22</xref>), habi&#233;ndose recolectado imagos entre los meses de III y VII (en Europa entre IV-VIII), en altitudes comprendidas entre los 10-3000 m. En ocasiones puede ser muy abundante (Ochar&#225;n <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0178">2012</xref>).</p>
<p>Datos sobre su morfolog&#237;a genital y larvaria se anotan en las <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0003">figuras 6</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">8</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">17</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">20</xref>.</p>
<p>
<fig id="F0007">
<label>Figs. 22-24</label>
<caption>
<p>Mapas de distribuci&#243;n de las especies de <italic>Sialis</italic> en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica, seg&#250;n Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Distribution maps of Iberian <italic>Sialis</italic> species. From Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="GRA201306_e009-g006.tif"/>
</fig>
<disp-quote>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Sialis fuliginosa</italic>
</bold> Pictet, 1836</p>
<p>Brauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0035">1876</xref>: 288 (rf); Dzi&#281;dzielewicz, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0060">1890</xref>: 96 (rf); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>: 35 (key), 79 (bio, dis, fen, mf, tx, rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>: 330 (dis), 331 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0162">1996</xref>: 12 (dis, list); Palomino Morales &#38; Tierno de Figueroa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0183">2001</xref>: 24 (bio, rf); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">2001</xref>: 62 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>: 156, 157 (dis, tx), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0164">2011b</xref>: 98 (bio, list); Badano <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0017">2011</xref>: 53 (bio, dis, l); Ochar&#225;n <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0178">2012</xref>: 422 (bio, dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>: 15 (list, tx), 37 (dis).</p>
<p>
<italic>Sialis didyma</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1917 &#8212; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>: 79 (tx, rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>: 329 (rf), 332 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>: 157 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>: 15 (list).</p>
<p>
<italic>Sialis fumosa</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915 &#8212; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>: 79 (tx, rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>: 329 (rf), 332 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>: 155 (tx), 157 (dis); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>: 15 (list).</p>
<p>
<italic>Sialis fumata</italic> Nav&#225;s, 1915 (<italic>sic</italic>) &#8212; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>: 332 (rf); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>: 15 (list).</p>
<p>
<italic>Sialis gonzalezi</italic> Vshivkova, 1985 &#8212; Vshivkova, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0246">1985</xref>: 152 (d); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">2001</xref>: 62 (rf); Badano <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0017">2011</xref>: 53 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>: 157 (tx); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>: 15 (list).</p>
</disp-quote>
</p>
<p>Especie ampliamente distribuida en Europa.</p>
<p>En la pen&#237;nsula esta especie es conocida del tercio septentrional y zonas monta&#241;osas del centro y puntualmente del sur (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0007">Fig. 23</xref>), habi&#233;ndose recolectado imagos entre los meses de IV y VIII (en Europa entre V-VIII), en altitudes comprendidas entre los 50-1.730 m.</p>
<p>Datos sobre su morfolog&#237;a genital y larvaria se anotan en las <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0002">figuras 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">16</xref>, 28, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">21</xref>.</p>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Sialis nigripes</italic>
</bold> Pictet, 1865</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>Hagen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0095">1866b</xref>: 287 (dis); Meyer-D&#252;r, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0153">1875</xref>: 354 (dis, rf); Brauer, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0035">1876</xref>: 288 (rf); Lestage, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0130">1921</xref>: 327 (rf); Tjeder, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0240">1937</xref>: 124 (rf); Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0112">1956</xref>: 49 (rf); H&#246;lzel, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">1964</xref>: 103 (rf); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>: 8 (dis), 11 (dis), 35 (key), 79 (bio, dis, fen, mf, tx, rf); Mol, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0156">1982</xref>: 178 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>: 330 (dis), 331 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0160">1986b</xref>: 96 (dis); D&#237;az-Aranda &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0056">1988a</xref>: 214 (rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0057">1988b</xref>: 218 (dis); Mar&#237;n &#38; Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0144">1990</xref>: 222 (rf); Gallardo Mayenco, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0079">1994</xref>: 89 (bio, dis, l); Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>: 51 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0162">1996</xref>: 12 (dis, list); Zamora-Mu&#241;oz <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0267">1999</xref>: 193-202 (bio, dis, l); Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1999</xref>: 44 (bio, dis); Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">2001</xref>: 63 (rf); Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0236">2001a</xref>: 175-181 (bio, dis, h), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0237">2001b</xref>: 95 (bio, dis); Palomino Morales &#38; Tierno de Figueroa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0183">2001</xref>: 24 (bio, rf), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0184">2002a</xref>: 203 (bio, dis, l, p), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0185">2002b</xref>: 199 (bio, dis); Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>: 60 (bio, dis); Tierno de Figueroa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0234">2002</xref>: 123-124 (bio, dis); Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">2003</xref>: 11 (bio, dis); Badano <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0017">2011</xref>: 53 (rf); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>: 159 (dis), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0164">2011b</xref>: 98 (bio, list); Monserrat &#38; Trivi&#241;o, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0167">2013</xref>: 15 (list, tx), 38 (dis); Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0165">2013</xref>: 287 (bio, dis, l).</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Especie ampliamente distribuida en Europa.</p>
<p>En la pen&#237;nsula esta especie es conocida de toda su superficie, evitando zonas litorales mediterr&#225;neas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0007">Fig. 24</xref>), habi&#233;ndose recolectado imagos entre los meses de III-VIII (en Europa entre V-VI), en altitudes comprendidas entre los 10-1.590 m.</p>
<p>Datos sobre su morfolog&#237;a genital y larvaria se anotan en las <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0004">figuras 11</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0005">14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0006">19</xref>.</p>
<disp-quote>
<p>D<sc>ATOS COMPARATIVOS SOBRE SU BIOLOG&#205;A, H&#193;BITAT Y 
DISTRIBUCI&#211;N EN LA</sc> P<sc>EN&#205;NSULA</sc> I<sc>B&#201;RICA</sc>:</p>
</disp-quote>
<p>Son relativamente escasos los registros respecto a las fases larvarias de las especies (identificadas a nivel de especie) de <italic>Sialis</italic> en la pen&#237;nsula, aunque son multitud los art&#237;culos, claves de invertebrados, trabajos e informes que citan larvas de <italic>Sialis</italic> (mayoritariamente como Megaloptera, Sialidae o <italic>Sialis</italic> sp.) en diferentes cuencas y r&#237;os peninsulares, y en las webs anotadas se recogen algunos ejemplos. Con mayor especificidad, Gonz&#225;lez del T&#225;nago &#38; Garc&#237;a de Jal&#243;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0270">1984</xref>) y Garc&#237;a de Jal&#243;n &#38; Gonz&#225;lez del T&#225;nago (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0269">1986</xref>) citan las tres especies en diversos estudios en la cuenca del r&#237;o Duero, Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0161">1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>) aporta algunos nuevos datos, Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0164">2011b</xref>) recoge algunos datos generales de su morfolog&#237;a y biolog&#237;a en las claves de invertebrados acu&#225;ticos de la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica, Badano <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0017">2011</xref>) ofrecen aspectos de la larva de <italic>S. fuliginosa</italic> (presuntamente recolectada en Portugal), y Ochar&#225;n <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0178">2012</xref>) anotan algunas capturas en Asturias, pero sobre todo nuevos e interesantes datos sobre las fases juveniles en el sur de la pen&#237;nsula se han citado recientemente, particularmente de <italic>Sialis nigripes</italic>, que ahora mencionaremos.</p>
<p>Algunos datos sobre la distribuci&#243;n de las larvas de <italic>Sialis lutaria</italic> en la pen&#237;nsula se citan en Gonz&#225;lez del T&#225;nago &#38; Garc&#237;a de Jal&#243;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0270">1984</xref>) y Garc&#237;a de Jal&#243;n &#38; Gonz&#225;lez del T&#225;nago (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0269">1986</xref>) y Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>). Esta especie parece habitar tanto en cauces de aguas r&#225;pidas como remansadas, y desde pozas no demasiado profundas a lagunas, generalmente donde existe vegetaci&#243;n y abundantes lodos y sedimentos.</p>
<p>Tambi&#233;n algunos datos sobre la distribuci&#243;n de las larvas de <italic>Sialis fuliginosa</italic> en la pen&#237;nsula se citan en Gonz&#225;lez del T&#225;nago &#38; Garc&#237;a de Jal&#243;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0270">1984</xref>) y Garc&#237;a de Jal&#243;n &#38; Gonz&#225;lez del T&#225;nago (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0269">1986</xref>) y Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>), y parecen preferir cursos de agua corriente, pero no en cursos r&#225;pidos o torrentes. Parece indiferente al pH del agua.</p>
<p>Datos sobre las larvas de estas dos especies han sido abundantemente recogidos en la bibliograf&#237;a adjunta, y ya que, por el contrario, <italic>Sialis nigripes</italic> es la especie cuya biolog&#237;a es m&#225;s desconocida y existen sobre sus fases juveniles muchos menos datos en la bibliograf&#237;a, anotamos alguna informaci&#243;n sobre esta especie en nuestra fauna que contribuyan al mayor conocimiento general sobre esta especie.</p>
<p>Algunos datos sobre la distribuci&#243;n de las larvas de esta especie en la pen&#237;nsula se citan en Gonz&#225;lez del T&#225;nago &#38; Garc&#237;a de Jal&#243;n (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0270">1984</xref>) y Garc&#237;a de Jal&#243;n &#38; Gonz&#225;lez del T&#225;nago (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0269">1986</xref>), Monserrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>), y recientemente Gallardo Mayenco (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0079">1994</xref>), Zamora-Mu&#241;oz <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0267">1999</xref>), Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0235">1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0236">2001a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0237">2001b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">2003</xref>), Tierno de Figueroa (2000), y Palomino Morales &#38; Tierno de Figueroa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0183">2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0184">2002a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0185">2002b</xref>) aportan interesantes datos sobre la biolog&#237;a de esta especie en varias cuencas andaluzas, y ofrecen interesantes datos sobre su alimentaci&#243;n (diatomeas, material vegetal y f&#250;ngico diverso, sin duda derivados del contenido intestinal de sus presas, y restos de ellas: quiron&#243;midos, oligoquetos y ostr&#225;codos).</p>
<p>Considerada una especie asociada a cursos de aguas calc&#225;reas, tambi&#233;n ha sido hallada en medios de pH neutro con fondos arenoso-fangosos (O&#180;Connor &#38; O&#180;Grady, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0177">1990</xref>; Plant, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0196">1994</xref>). Sobre los medios donde sus larvas han sido estudiadas en la pen&#237;nsula, algunos datos las consideran como indiferentes y sin valor como indicadores de la calidad de las aguas y con una intolerancia a la contaminaci&#243;n de tipo intermedia-baja (BMWP de valor 4). En otras zonas del S.O. peninsular, parece demostrado su car&#225;cter halof&#243;bico (conductividad &#8804; 1 mS cm<sup>&#8722;1</sup>), y en poblaciones en la cuenca del r&#237;o Genil, se la ha encontrado en zonas fangosas, ya sea en orillas o en zonas l&#233;nticas, independientemente de la existencia o no de macr&#243;fitos acu&#225;ticos, y son citadas como tolerantes en un amplio espectro de aguas (desde limpias a eutr&#243;ficas) (BMWP&#180; de valor 1-4), ligeramente b&#225;sicas (pH entre 7,7-8,5), poco salinas y con conductividad media (hasta 3620 &#956;mhos/cm). No suelen aparecer en aguas c&#225;lidas y/o con elevado caudal.</p>
<p>Respecto a los imagos, ya hemos citado algunos elementos que segregan las especies en funci&#243;n del tipo de medio y sustratos sobre los que efect&#250;an sus puestas. Tambi&#233;n existe una cierta segregaci&#243;n espacial en sus patrones de distribuci&#243;n en la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0007">Figs. 22</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0007">24</xref>), aunque en ocasiones se solapan, y no es infrecuente hallar ejemplares de m&#225;s de una especie en un mismo medio.</p>
<p>Tampoco parece demasiado determinativa la segregaci&#243;n fenol&#243;gica o altitudinal, seg&#250;n los datos que hemos anotado para cada especie. En Europa la fenolog&#237;a de los imagos de estas tres especies var&#237;a, l&#243;gicamente, en funci&#243;n de la altitud y la latitud, aunque generalmente comprende los meses de mayo a julio, pudiendo extenderse en otras zonas y latitudes a finales de marzo y agosto, en altitudes que oscilan entre cotas bajas y medias hasta los 2.400 m (Auber, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">1958</xref>; Andersen &#38; Greve, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0002">1975</xref>; Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>; Plant, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0196">1994</xref>; Elliott, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">1996a</xref>; Greve &#38; Andersen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0091">2012</xref>, etc.). En funci&#243;n de los datos que disponemos, <italic>S. lutaria</italic> parece ser en nuestra fauna la especie con menor amplitud fenol&#243;gica (salvo 1 ej. en Fuentellana, Ciudad Real, III) (IV-VII), mientras que es mayor en las otras dos especies, con imagos de <italic>S. fuliginosa</italic> recolectados entre IV (La Coru&#241;a, Galicia) &#8211; VIII (El Escorial, Madrid), y a&#250;n mayor en <italic>S. nigripes</italic>, la m&#225;s temprana, con imagos recolectados entre III (C&#243;rdoba, Ja&#233;n y Salamanca) &#8211;VIII (Ja&#233;n).</p>
<p>En cualquier caso los periodos de emergencia y actividad son similares en ambos sexos, y seg&#250;n nuestros datos algo m&#225;s tempranos los machos, y m&#225;s tard&#237;as las hembras, habi&#233;ndose citado una &#8220;curiosa&#8221; mayor longevidad en los machos, y en general (y quiz&#225;s por ello) los machos son algo m&#225;s abundantes que las hembras (Kaiser, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0111">1950</xref>; Andersen &#38; Greve, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0002">1975</xref>; Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0238">2002</xref>), datos que coinciden con los que manejamos, y que de forma sint&#233;tica recogemos en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0001">Tabla 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="T0001">
<label>Tabla 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Periodos de emergencia y actividad de los Sialidae ib&#233;ricos. Los n&#250;meros romanos indican los meses del a&#241;o.</p>
<p>Emergence and activity periods of Iberian alder-flies. The Roman numbers refer moths of the year.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"/>
<th align="center">III</th>
<th align="center">IV</th>
<th align="center">V</th>
<th align="center">VI</th>
<th align="center">VII</th>
<th align="center">VIII</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">machos / hembras</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<italic>S. lutaria</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">1/</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">15/25</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">11/7</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">3/2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">10/14</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<italic>S. fuliginosa</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center"/>
<td valign="top" align="center">/1</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">3/8</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">5/5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">13/5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">/2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">
<italic>S. nigripes</italic>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">15/3</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">49/29</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">9/6</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">16/10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">2/2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">/1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Respecto al gradiente altitudinal de estas especies en nuestra fauna, <italic>S. lutaria</italic> es la especie con mayor amplitud, desde 10-40 m en Vizcaya y Cantabria a 2.100 m en Pe&#241;alara (Sierra de Guadarrama) y hasta 3.000 m en el Aneto (Pirineos). Menor amplitud encontramos en <italic>S. fuliginosa</italic>, hallada entre los 50 m en r&#237;os de La Coru&#241;a a 1.700-1.730 m en sierras de Portugal (Sierra de la Estrella) y Espa&#241;a (Pe&#241;alara en Guadarrama) y Sierra Segundera (Zamora), y es a&#250;n algo menor en <italic>S. nigripes</italic>, desde 10 m en r&#237;os de Vizcaya a 1.450 m en r&#237;os de Teruel y 1.515-1.590 m de Cuenca y Ja&#233;n.</p>
<p>En cualquier caso, y desde nuestro punto de vista de investigador que lleva recorriendo la geograf&#237;a ib&#233;rica estudiando estas especies y recolectando estos ejemplares durante las &#250;ltimas cuatro d&#233;cadas, me permito llamar la atenci&#243;n sobre la progresiva dificultad de hallar nuevos ejemplares de estas especies en los r&#237;os ib&#233;ricos, siendo curioso que haya tan pocas citas recientes (no aportamos ning&#250;n nuevo material de ninguna de las especies citadas que haya podido recolectarse en las dos &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas de nuestros intensos muestreos), en comparaci&#243;n con tiempos no muy lejanos y d&#233;cadas pasadas, y que hoy d&#237;a sus poblaciones aparentemente parecen estar limitadas y relegadas a zonas muy locales donde en ocasiones son a&#250;n abundantes (Tierno de Figueroa &#38; Palomino Morales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0239">2003</xref>), en comparaci&#243;n con periodos anteriores que parec&#237;an disfrutar de una mucho m&#225;s amplia distribuci&#243;n, abundancia y frecuencia (Monserrat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0159">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0163">2011a</xref>), hechos que lamentablemente dicen mucho sobre el progresivo deterioro y la mayoritaria escasa calidad actual de los r&#237;os y cauces rivere&#241;os de la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica. Por citar alg&#250;n ejemplo que lo ilustre, Gallardo Mayenco (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0079">1994</xref>) cita un &#250;nico ejemplar recolectado a lo largo de una serie de dos muestreos mensuales durante un a&#241;o en los r&#237;os Guadalete y Guadaira en el S.O. peninsular, y Zamora-Mu&#241;oz <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0267">1999</xref>), tras dos a&#241;os de intensos muestreos, &#250;nicamente consiguen recolectar 21 ejemplares en solo 13 de las 60 estaciones estudiadas en el cauce del r&#237;o Genil (mayoritariamente 1 &#250;nico ejemplar por estaci&#243;n).</p>
<p>Un &#250;ltimo apunte etnogr&#225;fico merece citarse. Aunque lamentablemente en nuestro lenguaje popular son proporcionalmente escasos los nombres dados a los insectos, y aunque se ha citado que estos insectos carecen de nombre vulgar (Palomino Morales &#38; Tierno de Figueroa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0183">2001</xref>), nosotros durante todas estas d&#233;cadas de muestreos, s&#237; los hemos encontrado referidos en alguna ocasi&#243;n (principalmente en Castilla) entre los lugare&#241;os y pescadores a los imagos con el nombre de &#8220;monjas&#8221;, y as&#237; lo recogen Asp&#246;ck <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">1980</xref>). Tambi&#233;n sus larvas las hemos encontrado conocidas por los pescadores como &#8220;moscas del fango&#8221;.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<title>Agradecimientos</title>
<p>Esta contribuci&#x00F3;n forma parte del Proyecto coordinado de I + D+i Fauna Ib&#x00E9;rica (Neuroptera) CGL2010-22267-C07-05. Deseamos manifestar nuestro sincero agradecimiento a las autoridades de las diferentes Comunidades Aut&#x00F3;nomas por facilitarnos los correspondientes permisos de muestreos para la toma de datos en los espacios protegidos visitados estos a&#x00F1;os, a Fernando Acevedo por su ayuda en los &#x00FA;ltimos muestreos realizados, a la <italic>Freshwater Biological Association</italic> por permitirnos la reproducci&#x00F3;n de alguna de las im&#x00E1;genes ahora incluidas, a Enrique Gil Alcubilla, Isidro Mart&#x00ED;nez y Juaco Grijota por la realizaci&#x00F3;n y cesi&#x00F3;n de las fotograf&#x00ED;as aportadas en este art&#x00ED;culo, a &#x00C1;ngel Rico por su ayuda en la traducci&#x00F3;n de algunos textos, y a Eduardo Ruiz por su ayuda en el tratamiento de las im&#x00E1;genes.</p>
</ack>
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