CALOSOTINAE AND NEANASTATINAE IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND CANARY ISLANDS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND A SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON BRASEMA CAMERON, 1884 (HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA, EUPELMIDAE)

Recognized as occurring in the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands are nine species of Calosota, seven species of Eusandalum and one species of Pentacladia in Calosotinae, and one species each of Metapelma and Neanastatus in Neanastatinae. Taxonomic and biological data, keys to species of Calosota and Eusandulum, and descriptions of two new species of Calosota are provided. The following new synonymies are proposed: Calosota fumipennis Bolívar under C. aestivalis Curtis, C. lixobia Erdös under C. obscura Ruschka, C. matritensis Bolívar and C. modesta Bolívar under C. viridis Masi. A supplementary note on Brasema (Eupelminae) in Spain is appended with Brasema ephedricola Askew synonymized under Brasema stenus (Boucek) (new combination).


Introduction
In two previous papers on the fauna of the chalcid family Eupelmidae in Spain and the Canary Islands (Askew & Nieves-Aldrey, 2000& 2004) we considered species of the subfamily Eupelminae.The present paper deals with the subfamilies Calosotinae and Neanastatinae and, with further data on Brasema (Eupelminae), concludes our review of Spanish Eupelmidae.
Calosotinae and Neanastatinae show little sexual dimorphism in comparison to Eupelminae, and females appear to possess full flight capability, unlike those of Eupelminae which, even if macropterous, fly weakly and seldom, often by little more than wing-assisted jumping (Gibson, 1995).
Material housed in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Madrid) provides the basis for our work.This material includes specimens collected by Garcia Mercet, Bolívar y Pieltain and other Spanish entomologists working in the first half of the twentieth century, and was used by Bolívar in his published studies of Spanish species (Bolívar, 1923a(Bolívar, , 1923b(Bolívar, , 1926(Bolívar, , 1929)).Ceballos (1956) catalogued 14 Spanish species of Calosotinae (eight under Calosota, six under Polymoria) but did not include any species now considered in Neanastatinae.With recent synonymies and additions, the Spanish faunal list remains at 14 Calosotinae (plus an unidentified Calosota species in the Canary Islands) and two Neanastatinae.

CALOSOTINAE
Calosota Curtis, 1836 Ruschka (1921) recognized only four European species of Calosota, but this number rose to eighteen (including some synonyms) in Hedqvist's (1956) key to palaearctic species.A substantial part of this increase resulted from the studies of Bolívar (1923bBolívar ( , 1929) ) who described five new species in a Spanish fauna of eight species.Here we propose the synonymy of three of Bolívar's names.The following key is to eight (possibly seven) Spanish species (two described as new) plus an unidentified species from the Canary Islands, and Calosota acron (Walker) is included, although it has not been found in Spain, because it shares some characters with C. ariasi Bolívar.2(1) Forewing with isolated bare strip (linea calva) behind parastigma and base of marginal vein; scutellum at base only about 1.5 times as broad as an axilla (fig.18).

Key to species of
[Ocelli in a slightly obtuse triangle with vertex in dorsal view much broader than an eye; scape yellow at base, sometimes very narrowly so; anellus 1.1-1.3times as long as broad; reticulation of thoracic dorsum relatively coarse; metacoxa with femoral depression on outer face pilose; forewing with length of postmarginal vein 0.7 times marginal vein and about 1.9 times stigmal vein; gaster about 1.  10); antennal anellus twice as long as broad (as fig.5).
[Pedicel plus flagellum 1.The correct application of the names Calosota aestivalis Curtis and Calosota vernalis Curtis, pre-viously confused by Walker (1837) and subsequent authors, was established by Graham (1969).
Calosota aestivalis was recorded from Spain under the name C. vernalis from a single male, now in MNCN, taken in 1923in Segovia (Bolívar, 1929).Askew et al. (2001) reported its presence in Zaragoza.Further material in MNCN comes from Madrid, including a male labelled 'Villaviciosa 15.3.27Agrilus derasofasc.Col. G A. Mercet', indicating that it was associated with Buprestidae (Coleoptera).
Calosota fumipennis is a large, dark-winged form of C. aestivalis.The female holotype (MNCN), labelled as such by Bolívar, is missing the gaster, and the left antenna is still enclosed in pupal casing.It is the only specimen Bolívar had before him when describing C. fumipennis, and it was reared by M. M. de la Escalera, purportedly from a nest of Megachile sp.(Hym., Apidae), in a Rubus stem collected in Madrid (Villaviciosa de Odón).It is unlikely that Megachile was the actual host of C. fumipennis; some Coleoptera larva inhabiting the Rubus stem is more probable.
In MNCN there are 1 f and 2 mm Calosota labe- lled, respectively, '27452', '26233' and '28817'.The female is large (length 6.5 mm.) with some brownish infumation on the disc of the forewing, very similar to the holotype of C. fumipennis, but the males are indistinguishable from specimens attributed to C. aestivalis collected elsewhere.Outside Spain similar large females of C. aestivalis have been seen from France (Dordogne, Ste Alvère, 17.vi.2003, RRA), Poland (Radom, 8.vii.1998, on dead Fagus branch, M. Mikowski) and Hungary (Koszeg, Irottko National Park, 19.v.2001, on dead Carpinus, RRA).These differ from typical C. aestivalis only in their size, and it is concluded that C. fumipennis represents one extreme of a continuous size range in C. aestivalis.A large (body length almost 7 mm.)female C. aestivalis from Turkey (NE Tokat, Niksar, emerged 28.v.2001 from dead, beetle-infested Quercus, M. Rejzek) has almost clear wings.Bolívar, 1929Calosota ariasi Bolívar, 1929: 129-131 Calosota ariasi was described from a single female collected in Madrid by J. Arias (date not given).A micropin mount on a pith block in MNCN bears the printed labels 'Madrid, Arias', 'Colección G A .Mercet' and a handwritten label 'Calosota ariasi.f tipo', but the specimen itself has apparently been lost.FEMALE.Length 2.8 mm.Head with frons, vertex and occiput purple-black, outer orbit bluegreen; antennal scape dark and weakly metallic.Pronotum mostly purple-black, somewhat greenish laterally; mesoscutum bluish green, more or less violet anteriorly; axillae and scutellum green, disc of scutellum coppery; mesopleuron anteriorly and prepectus purple-black, remainder of side of thorax blue-green.Propodeum blue-green.Forewing with faint brown infumation; venation brown; microtrichiae dark.Legs with coxae concolorous with thorax; femora dark and weakly metallic with only apices narrowly pale; tibiae dark brown with bases and apices brownish yellow; tarsi brown, mesoand metatarsi with basal one or two segments brownish yellow.Gaster with dorsum mostly purple-black, first tergite basally blue-green.
angled, posterior ocellus separated from orbit by rather more than its diameter; vertex shiny, the reticulate sculpture only very weakly raised and hairpits discernible.Head in front view (fig. 1) about 1.2 times as broad as high; toruli centred at level of lower edge of eye; scrobes separated from anterior ocellus by about two ocellar diameters, scrobal area quite deeply excavated with a short, blunt intertorular crest and low, rounded parascrobal ridges.Antenna (fig.2) with pedicel plus flagellum 1.25 times as long as breadth of head; scape about as long as transverse diameter of eye, about five times as long as broad, narrowed in basal third; pedicel almost three times as long as broad; anellus somewhat longer than broad; funicle with F1 not quite as broad as pedicel and 2.7 times as long as broad, F1 plus anellus about as long as pedicel, F2-5(6) longer than broad and F7(6) subquadrate, funicle segments becoming progressively slightly shorter and broader, with moderately outstanding setae (on middle segments setae not quite half as long as breadth of respective segments) and an irregular transverse row of relatively long sensilla (2 or 3 visible on each segment in lateral view); clava in dried specimens flattened, 2.2 times as long as broad and twice as broad as pedicel.
Mesoscutum 1.6 times as broad as long with strongly raised reticulate sculpture which is coarse in a broad median band; scutellum slightly broader than long, almost flat (distorted in holotype in which it is in same plane as dorsellum), its basal (anterior) margin about 4 times breadth of an axilla, reticulate sculpture finer than on mesoscutum with narrow, elongated areoles.Mesopleuron weakly sculptured anteriorly, almost smooth posteriorly.Mesotarsus with a double row of pale, ventral pegs on T1-4.Metacoxa (fig.13) with femoral depression bare.Propodeum medially about as long as dorsellum, weakly sculptured and shining; spiracle shorter than median length of propodeum.
Forewing reaching base of last gastral tergite; pilosity short, of more or less even density anterior to cubital vein; ratio of lengths costal cell: marginal vein: stigmal vein: postmarginal vein as 36:30:10:15; stigmal vein forming an angle of about 35E with postmarginal vein.
Gaster (excluding ovipositor sheath) 1.8 times length of mesosoma, in dorsal view 2.4 times as long as broad; post-cercal part of last tergite 1.3 times as broad as long; ovipositor sheath protruding a distance equal to about 0.7 times post-cercal length of last tergite.

MALE. Unknown.
ETYMOLOGY.In commemoration of Dr C. Bolívar y Pieltain who made outstanding contributions to knowledge of Spanish Eupelmidae.
COMMENTS.The relatively long antennae (pedicel plus flagellum 1.25-1.30times breadth of head), absence of any bare area on the forewing anterior to the cubital vein, and a right-angled to slightly acute ocellar triangle constitute a combination of characters shared with female C. aestivalis and, in part, C. nitens (see below).Calosota bolivari is distinguished from C. aestivalis primarily by its propodeum being as long as the dorsellum (much shorter than dorsellum in C. aestivalis), right-angled ocellar triangle and very weakly raised reticulate sculpture on the vertex and frons.It differs from C. nitens in the higher placement of the antennal toruli (fig. 1, cf. fig. 3) and the bare femoral depression on the outer face of the metacoxa (fig.13).
An unidentified female Calosota (France, Lot et Garonne, Bernac, Malaise trap, vii.1995,R. R. Askew) is similar to C. bolivari because of weak head sculpture and an almost uniformly coloured mesoscutum, but in some other characters it approaches C. aestivalis, although the scape is basally pale.Bolívar, 1929 Calosota dusmeti Bolívar, 1929: 139-140 Calosota dusmeti was described from a single female from Madrid (Villalba) which is in MNCN.It is badly damaged, only the pinned mesosoma remaining and this lacks wings and legs beyond the coxae.It is labelled 'Calosota dusmeti tipo' in Bolívar's hand.As remarked by Bolívar (1929), the species is very near C. obscura and the colour characters distinguishing C. dusmeti and C. obscura, as indicated above in the key, appear to intergrade.It is possible that C. dusmeti is merely a colour variant of C. obscura.The male of C. dusmeti has not been recognized.
FEMALE.Length 1.8 mm.Head dark green-black with bronze to purple tints; antennal scape entirely dark and metallic; pedicel and flagellum dark brown, the pedicel weakly metallic.Mesoscutum dark green with extensive coppery tints; scutellum and axillae mostly coppery; side of thorax green-to purple-black.Propodeum mostly blue-green.Forewing faintly brownish; venation pale brown; microtrichiae dark.Legs with coxae concolorous with thorax; femora dark, weakly metallic, apex of metafemur quite broadly pale brownish yellow, apices of pro-and mesofemora narrowly pale; tibiae with bases narrowly brownish yellow, medially brown, this region darkest basally shading to pale brownish yellow distally; tarsi mostly pale brownish yellow, protarsus with anterior face brown, meso-and metatarsi apically brown.Gaster dark green with dorsum mostly purple-black, first tergite mostly blue-green; ovipositor sheath brown.
Head in dorsal view about twice as broad as long; eyes separated by nearly 0.5 times breadth of head; POL 2.1 times OOL, ocellar triangle very slightly obtuse (about 95E), posterior ocellus separated from orbit by 1.6 times its diameter; vertex shiny with very weakly raised sculpture, hair-pits discernible.Head in front view (fig.3) 1.25-1.30times as broad as high; toruli below level of lower orbits; scrobes reaching to about two diameters of anterior ocellus, scrobal area moderately excavated with a low intertorular crest and weak, rounded parascrobal ridges.Antenna (fig.4) with pedicel plus flagellum 1.4 times as long as breadth of head; scape as long as transverse diameter of eye, about five times as long as broad; pedicel 2.5 times as long as broad; anellus slightly longer than broad; funicle with F1 narrower than pedicel, more than 3 times as long as broad, F1 plus anellus slightly longer than pedicel; F2-7 progressively shorter and broader so that F7 is as broad as pedicel and about 1.4 times as long as broad; pilosity of funicle segments short and straight; sensilla difficult to see, in a single transverse row, 1 or 2 visible on each segment in lateral view.
Mesoscutum 1.8 times as broad as long, moderately shiny with relatively isodiametric (cf.C. bolivari, above), moderately raised wide-meshed reticulate sculpture; scutellum about as broad as long, its base about 4 times as broad as an axilla, with areoles of reticulate sculpture narrow and elongated.Mesopleuron shiny, mostly smooth with very weak reticulate sculpture.Mesotarsus with a double row of short, pale, ventral pegs on T1-4.Metacoxa (fig.14) with femoral depression of outer face ill-defined and entirely pilose.Propodeum medially shorter than dorsellum and hardly as long as spiracle.
Gaster 1.4 times length of mesosoma, in dorsal view 3.1 times as long as broad; post-cercal part of last tergite as long as, or slightly (1.1 times) longer than, broad; ovipositor sheath with apex protruding for a distance about 0.5 times post-cercal length of last tergite.

MALE. Unknown.
ETYMOLOGY.Nitens (Latin), shining.The name refers to the appearance of the weakly sculptured parts of the body, in particular the head and mesopleuron.
COMMENTS.Calosota nitens, like C. bolivari (described above), has relatively long antennae and a weakly sculptured, shiny head.The latter character distinguishes it from C. aestivalis, and the slightly obtuse ocellar triangle from both C. aestivalis and C.bolivari.Calosota nitens also differs from C. aestivalis, and indeed from all Calosota species known to us with the exception of C. acron, in having the femoral depression on the outer face of the metacoxa (fig.14) poorly defined and completely pilose.Additional characters that distinguish C. nitens from C. bolivari are its more slender funicle, relatively longer marginal vein (more than 5 times as long as stigmal vein compared to 3 times as long in C. bolivari) and smaller body size.Ruschka, 1921 Calosota obscura Ruschka, 1921: 248-250 Calosota lixobia Erdös, 1946: 133-137 syn.n.

Calosota viridis
Calosota modesta is known only from the male holotype in MNCN: Madrid, Vaciamadrid, RGM.We consider it to be a specimen of C. viridis with unusually coarse mesoscutal sculpture and rather dark colouration.
Calosota grylli (paralectotype examined) may be synonymous with C. viridis.Erdös (1955) recognized the similarity between C. matritensis and C. grylli.However, the female of C. grylli was described as having a gaster twice as long as the mesosoma, which is longer than in any C. viridis (gaster 1.5-1.7 times as long as mesosoma) that we have seen.For this reason, although relative gaster length is variable (Erdös, 1955), we do not formally propose the synonymy.Calosota viridis is a parasitoid of Tetramesa species (Hym., Eurytomidae) in stems of Poaceae (Boucek, 1970), a host group which is attacked by other taxonomically difficult groups of chalcidoid parasitoids in the genera Pediobius and Eurytoma.
The long antennae (fig.8) have distinctively petiolate funicle segments bearing long setae (see also couplet 10 of key above).No other species of Calosota has been recorded from the Canary Islands.
The female holotype of P. segurensis from Albacete, El Pardal, Sierra de Segura, vi.1903 (M.M. de la Escalera) in MNCN is dismembered and only the head, front legs, left forewing and distal part of an antenna remain.It is labelled in Bolívar's handwriting 'Polymoria segurensis f TIPO C. Bol.' Another intact female in MNCN from Avila, Pinares Llanos de Caja (C.Bolívar y Pieltain ?) appears to be conspecific with the holotype of P. segurensis, differing only in its larger size and relatively longer marginal vein.Boucek (1967: 290) incorrectly gave data of the Avila specimen as that of the holotype, but it is clear from his account that he based his synonymy of P. segurensis under E. coronatum upon the actual holotype of P. segurensis.We accept Boucek's synonymy. Bolívar (1926) recorded Polymoria coronata from Avila (1 f and 2 mm , the female referred to above), Madrid (1 m ) and Segovia (1 f ).All the specimens are in MNCN.Askew et al. (2001) recorded 1 f from Zaragoza.The Avila, Segovia and Zaragoza material was all obtained from wood of Pinus spp. with Anthaxia spp.(Buprestidae) and Magdalis spp.(Curculionidae) (Coleoptera) as possible hosts.

Pentacladia elegans
No host is yet known, but Delvare (2001) reported observing female P. elegans in the south of Spain on dead branches of an almond-tree with exit holes of beetles.Of the 27 specimens from Spain that we have been able to examine, only four are females; Delvare (2001) observed that searching females examine only the shaded side of branches and may be partly nocturnal.Gibson (1993) synonymized Neanastatinae Kalina and Metapelmatinae Boucek.Of the four known genera, two occur in both the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands.

Brasema stenus has previously been reported
only from Hungary and Slovakia.We reared 17 mm and 14 ff from previous year stems of Centaurea sp.collected 9.v.2004 at Gascones (Madrid).The stems contained plentiful galls of Phanacis centaureae (Hym., Cynipidae), and this gall-wasp is the presumed host.Interestingly, the Hungarian material of 'Eupelmus insignis' studied by Erdös (1957) included 3 ff reared from Centaurea.
The Spanish specimens agree closely with Erdös' (1957) description of what he called Eupelmus insignis Förster, and also with material in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Budapest) identified by Erdös as E. insignis.Brasema ephedricola Askew was described in Askew & Blasco-Zumeta (1998) from specimens reared from galls of Eurytoma gallephedrae Askew (Hym., Eurytomidae) growing on Ephedra in Zaragoza.These are larger, darker and more strongly sculptured than the parasitoids of Phanacis centaureae, but we believe them to be conspecific, even though their known hosts are very different.Eupelminae are often extremely polyphagous.