Eupelmidae de Iberia y las Islas Canarias: Check list comentada de las especies, incluyendo la descripción de una nueva especie de Calosota Curtis, 1836 y de los machos previamente no reconocidos de algunas especies ; Eupelmidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) of Iberia and the Canary Islands: an annot

The eighty-four species of Eupelmidae known from the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands are listed with distributional data and host records. A new species of Calosota, C. carmenae Askew & Nieves-Aldrey sp. n. is described. The previously unrecognised males of Calosota bolivari Askew, 2006, C. nitens Askew, 2006, Anastatus oscari (Ruthe, 1859) and A. uromeni Ferrière, 1968 are also described. Neanastatus africanus Ferrière, 1938, Eupelmus confusus Al khatib, 2015, E. gemellus Al khatib, 2015, E. kiefferi De Stefani, 1898, E. martellii Masi, 1941 and E. stramineipes Nikol’skaya, 1952 are added to the list of Spanish Eupelmidae, and E. fulvipes Förster, 1860 is removed. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A0A4215E-6718-4185-9C08-CFD22F51A2BD


Introduction
Recent taxonomic works on Eupelmidae prompt us to review the fauna of Iberia and the Canary Islands as presented in Askew & Nieves-Aldrey (2000, 2004, 2006).The large genus Eupelmus Dalman, and the E. urozonus Dalman species complex, have been revised respectively by Gibson & Fusu (2016) and Al khatib et al. (2014Al khatib et al. ( , 2015)), and species of Eupelmus in subgenus Macroneura Walker are the subject of continuing research by Lucian Fusu.European species of Calosota Curtis were reviewed, and Nearctic species revised, by Gibson (2010).Palaearctic species of Reikosiella Yoshimoto were revised by Fusu (2013) and this name was synonymised under Merostenus Walker by Gibson (2017).In addition, important new data on Eupelmidae were provided by the sadly all too brief, but nevertheless extremely productive, activity of the late Antoni Ribes at various locations in the Catalonian province of Lleida (Lérida), and by Malaise trap sampling in 2013 by Carmen Rey at La Parata, Mojácar, in the Andalucian province of Almería.These and other studies have added 24 species and one genus to the fauna list, and deleted one species.Eighty-four species are now known from the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands, 39 Eupelmus, 10 each of Calosota and Anastatus Motschulsky, 7 Eusandalum Ratzeburg, 5 Merostenus Walker, 4 Calymmochilus Masi, 2 each of Neanastatus Girault, Brasema Cameron and Arachnophaga Ashmead, and 1 each of Pentacladia Westwood, Metapelma Westwood and Tineobius Ashmead.A new species of Calosota and the newly recognised males of two Calosota and two Anastatus species are described.New distributional and biological data for previously recorded species are presented.

EUPELMIDAE OF SPAIN, PORTUGAL AND THE CANARY ISLANDS
The following is an updated review of all Eupelmidae recorded from the region.Species additional to those listed in Askew & Nieves-Aldrey (2000, 2004, 2006) are indicated by a dagger ( †).Genera and species are arranged alphabetically within subfamilies.

Calosota Curtis, 1836
Calosota aestivalis Curtis, 1836 No records additional to those given in Askew & Nieves-Aldrey (2006) are available, but see comments under C. bolivari.Bolívar y Pieltain, 1929 Calosota ariasi may be a junior synonym of C. acron (Walker, 1848) (Askew & Nieves-Aldrey, 2006) or of C. aestivalis (Gibson, 2010).Askew, 2006 A female of C. bolivari in MNCN, misidentified as C. dusmeti Bolívar y Pieltain, 1929 (Askew & Nieves-Aldrey, 2006) and collected with the holotype female of C. bolivari (Madrid, El Ventorrillo, Malaise trap, 14.vii.1991, A. Garrido), has been determined as C. bolivari by Gibson (2010).This specimen has a yellow scape as in C. dusmeti, but unlike the holotype of C. bolivari, and this led to the misidentification.Another female was found in a Malaise trap sample, Almería, Mojácar, 21.vii-3. viii.2013, CR. Gibson (2010) suggests the possible synonymy of C. bolivari under C. agrili Nikol'skaya, 1952. Gibson (2010) identified a series of 14 male C. bolivari in MNCN that had been collected by Malaise trap in 1988 and1989 by JLNA and CR at the type locality (El Ventorrillo, altitude 1480m), plus a single male (described below) with the same collection data as the female holotype.MALE.Length 2.5 mm.Head purple-black, frons blue-green; antennal scape dark, metallic.Thoracic dorsum dark green, the scutellum slightly darker than the mesoscutum.Side of thorax mostly dark green but the mesepimeron posteriorly purplish black.Propodeum dark green.Tegula and fore wing venation brown; wing setation dark and easily visible.Legs dark, femora and tibiae yellow-brown only at extreme apices, meso-and metatarsi with basal three segments paler than brown apical segments.Gaster with dorsal surface violet-black.

Calosota bolivari
Differs structurally from female particularly in the form of antenna and gaster.Vertex with quite strongly raised reticulate sculpture.Antenna with pedicel plus flagellum 1.2x breadth of head; scape about 3x as long as broad; anellus about as long as broad; funicle virtually filiform but not slender, first funicle segment (F1) hardly narrower than F2, F1 plus F2 as long as pedicel, F1 to F6 all somewhat longer than broad, F7 subquadrate, funicle segments not separated by peduncles, each with a single transverse row of linear sensilla and bristly setae, the setae only about one quarter of segment breadth; clava ovate, bluntly pointed, 2.4x as long as broad, slightly broader than funicle.
Gaster oval, 1.25x as long as mesosoma, 2.15x as long as broad, its dorsal surface with relatively strong, transversely reticulate sculpture.
Before Gibson's (2010) recognition that the males from El Ventorrillo belonged to C. bolivari, they had been identified by RRA as C. aestivalis.C. bolivari and C. aestivalis are morphologically close and male C. bolivari and male C. aestivalis run out together at couplet 13 in Askew & Nieves-Aldrey's (2006: 88) key.Males of C. bolivari may be distinguished from those of C. aestivalis by their rather shorter and stouter antennae and more uniform colouration of the mesoscutum; in C. aestivalis there are usually more or less distinct longitudinal submedian bands of purplish colour separated by a median green band, but this colour banding is absent, or at most only vaguely indicated, in C. bolivari.Males of the two species can be further distinguished by sculpture of the frontovertex.Similar to females (Gibson, 2010), males of C. aestivalis have a reticulate sculpture whilst those of C. bolivari have a coriaceous sculpture with obvious piliferous punctures.paraTypes: 6♂♂, 18♀♀, same data as holotype, captured in Malaise trap 5-24.vi.2013, except 3♂♂ captured 6-21.vii. 2♂♂ and 2♀♀ paratypes mounted on stubs, coated with gold, for observation under SEM.In MNCN.
Head in dorsal view (Fig. 1B), about 1.9x as broad as long; eyes separated by 0.42x head breadth; temples about 0.17x head length; POL about 2.1x OOL, OOL slightly greater than diameter of ocellus, ocellar triangle slightly acute; vertex with quite strongly raised reticulate sculpture.Head in front view about 1.2x as broad as high; toruli centred at or slightly below lower eye margin; frons with raised reticulate sculpture, bottoms of antennal scrobes smooth and shiny laterad of weakly sculptured intertorular prominence but with raised reticulation in dorsal halves.Antenna (Figs. 1A, 1B), with pedicel plus flagellum 1.1x as long as head breadth; scape 0.75x height and 0.8x transverse diameter of eye, about 4.5x as long as broad; pedicel twice as long as broad, as long as anellus plus first funicle segment (F1); anellus weakly transverse; F1 about 1.6x as long as but scarcely broader than anellus, narrower than pedicel, F2 to F5 longer than broad, F6 and F7 somewhat transverse, flagellum very gradually widening to F4 and thereafter more strongly to F7, F7 about twice as broad as F1; linear sensilla in a single transverse row on each funicle segment, two visible in lateral view on most segments; setae on funicle segments short and bristly, standing out at no more than 30°; clava in profile about 1.9x as long as broad, its apex an obliquely truncate pale pad of micropilosity.
Mesosoma (Figs. 1C, 1D), 1.7x as long as broad; mesoscutum 1.3x as broad as long with strongly raised reticulate sculpture; scutellum as broad as long, convex in profile, appearing longitudinally striate with sculpture of narrow elongated areoles, anterior margin about 3.3x breadth of an axilla.Acropleuron mostly coriaceous with weakly raised reticulate sculpture in part.Metacoxa with femoral depression shallow, bare.Propodeum medially shorter than dorsellum; spiracle separated from anterior margin by rather more than its major diameter which exceeds median length of propodeum.
Fore wing (Fig. 2B), not quite reaching base of last gastral tergite; basal cell almost bare, basal vein with a few pale setae; cubital vein with sparse, white setae beneath basal cell, strongly upcurved to basal vein; wing beyond basal vein with a distinct speculum reaching below base of marginal vein anteriorly but separated from cubital vein by a broad band of pale setae, disc of wing with short, dense pilosity.Lengths of costal cell: marginal vein: stigmal vein: postmarginal vein as 25:20:6:7; stigmal vein curved, forming angle to postmarginal vein of about 45°.Gaster (including ovipositor) (Figs.1E, 1F) 1.7x as long as mesosoma, in dorsal view 2.9x as long as broad; ovipositor sheath exserted beyond apex of T7 by about twice its depth in profile.MALE.Differing from female mostly in antennal and gastral characters.Antennal scape brown, non-metallic, narrowly yellowish brown basally and ventrally.Scutellum green-blue with few purple tints, not contrasting in colour with mesoscutum.Length 2.2mm, smaller than female.
Antennal scape about 3.0x as long as broad, slightly expanded subapically; pedicel plus flagellum 1.2x as long as breadth of head; flagellum almost filiform; pedicel about as long as anellus plus F1; F1 shorter and narrower than F2 but following funicle segments subequal in length, all longer than broad with setae dense and rather more outstanding than in female; clava about 2.4x as long as broad, as long as last three funicle segments together and only slightly broader than funicle, bluntly pointed.
Fore wing (Fig. 2C) with basal cell bare, setation brownish, speculum developed and extending below base of marginal vein, as in female.
ETYMOLOGY.Named for Carmen Rey, a good friend and collaborator of the junior author, who collected and sorted the Malaise trap samples from La Parata.COMMENTS.Calosota carmenae and C. metallica (Gahan) females share the characters of a developed   fore wing speculum (the only known Calosota species to have this character), clavate antennal flagellum, relatively elongate gaster and extensive bright green-blue colouration.C. carmenae is readily distinguished from C. metallica by its pale-coloured antennal scape (yellowish in the female, brownish in the male).In C. metallica the scape is dark, usually yellowish at most at its base, and with metallic tints, although Gibson (2010) mentions seven Spanish females collected in 1973 and 1974 which have a mostly yellowish scape that is slightly darkened only apically.Calosota dusmeti Bolívar y Pieltain also has a pale female scape, but the fore wing speculum is absent, the female gaster is only 2.4x as long as broad, the antennal flagellum is not clavate and it is a larger species, about 3 mm in length.Colouration of the weakly sculptured acropleuron also differs consistently in Spanish specimens of C. carmenae and C. metallica being violet over the anterior half or more and green-blue posteriorly in C. carmenae and mostly green-blue with usually only flecks of violet medially and posteriorly in C. metallica.

Calosota dusmeti Bolívar y Pieltain, 1929
Calosota dusmeti and C. obscura Ruschka are similar, differing in particular in the paler scape and legs of the former, and it is possible that they are colour variants of a single species (Askew & Nieves-Aldrey, 2006).Should it be eventually shown that C. dusmeti is distinct from C. obscura, then it might be known under the name C. violascens (Masi, 1922) (Gibson, 2010).Female material with partly yellowish scapes is mentioned from Portugal by Gibson (2010).
A female in MNCN collected at Rivas Vaciamadrid, 20.viii.2002J.I. López-Colón, listed in Askew & Nieves-Aldrey (2006), has been labelled by Lucian Fusu in 2012 as 'cf violascens'.(Gahan, 1922) Calosota viridis Masi, 1922 Calosota matritensis Bolívar y Pieltain, 1929 Calosota coerulea Nikol'skaya, 1952 Gibson (2010) synonymised C. viridis, under which name the species is discussed by Askew & Nieves-Aldrey (2006), with C. metallica from western Canada and the USA.Calosota metallica is known in North America as a primary parasitoid of Mayetiola destructor (Say) and other Cecidomyiidae in wheat and stems of other Poaceae, and of species of Tetramesa (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) in similar situations.It is also known as a facultative secondary parasitoid.In North America C. metallica appears to be primarily parthenogenetic with males very scarce, but in Europe males are quite plentiful (Gibson, 2010).

Calosota metallica
Specimens (in BMNH) were reared by Ribes from stems of Stipa parviflora with Tetramesa collected in 2007 in Lleida (Montoliu).

Calosota modesta Bolívar y Pieltain, 1929 †
Calosota modesta was synonymised under C. viridis Masi (= C. metallica) by Askew & Nieves-Aldrey (2006) after examination of the male holotype, but removed from this synonymy by Gibson (2010) who considers the male holotype and one of the female paratypes of C. matritensis Bolívar y Pieltain (= C. metallica) to be conspecific.Further study is required to establish the status of C. modesta.Askew, 2006 Described from 3♀♀ collected by a Malaise trap in Madrid (El Pardo) in 1991 (Askew & Nieves-Aldrey, 2006), an additional female was swept in Lleida (Sarroca), 13.vii.2011(RRA) and a male and female were captured in a Malaise trap in Almería (Mojácar), 21.vii -3.viii.2013(CR).The male is described below.Gibson (2010) provides an additional distinguishing character of the female; there are long setae along the propodeal petiolar foramen in addition to those on the callus.The females from Mojácar have very setose propodeal calli and several setae behind spiracles up to the posterior margin of the propodeum.The male is much less setose with only two or three setae immediately posterior to a spiracle.MALE.Antennal scape brown, non-metallic, the rest of antenna a slightly darker brown.Head and mesosoma coloured much as in female; metasoma with three basal gastral tergites brown, non-metallic.Length 1.5mm.

Calosota nitens
Differs from female principally in antennal and gastral characters.Antennal scape about 3x as long as broad, only slightly longer than half the height of an eye; pedicel plus flagellum 1.25x as long as width of head; pedicel in profile about 1.5x as long as deep; anellus transverse, anellus plus F1 shorter and narrower than pedicel; F2 as broad as pedicel, F3 to F7 slightly longer than broad, progressively widening so that F7 is about 1.3x as broad as F3; clava as long as three preceding funicle segments, and C1 and C2 1.3x as broad as F7 (but somewhat flattened in drying), C3 narrow, only as broad as F3; setae on funicle segments standing out at about 40°, curved, forming a fringe that on middle segments is fully half as wide as breadth of segments.
Gaster a little shorter than head plus mesosoma (40.5:42), in dorsal view 2.6x as long as broad.Ruschka, 1921 Calosota obscura is frequently reared from the stems of herbaceous plants which contain the galls of cynipids of the tribes Aulacideini, Aylacini and Phanacidini (Hym., Cynipidae) (Askew & Nieves-Aldrey, 2006), although the actual host of the eupelmid has not been ascertained.New records of C. obscura associated with cynipid galls are of 1♂ emerging from stems of Cichorium intybus containing galls of Timaspis cichorii (Kieffer), Lleida, Santa Engracia near Tremp, 2009, RRA, and

Anastatus oscari
Head in dorsal view 1.95x as broad as long; POL 2.4x OOL, OOL 1.6x ocellar diameter.Head in front view rounded, slightly broader than high (25:23), minimum eye separation 0.6x head breadth, antennal toruli just above level of lower eye margin, face below toruli with relatively stout, downwardlydirected, white setae.Antenna with scape only slightly expanded apically and, excluding radicle, just over 3x as long as broad; pedicel plus flagellum not quite 2x head breadth, pedicel 2x as long as broad, anellus transverse; first funicle segment (F1) about 2.4x as long and 1.3x as broad as pedicel, its ventral surface very weakly concave, about 2.7x as long as broad, F2 to F7 progressively slightly shorter and narrower than preceding antennomere, F7 about 2.2x as long as broad; clava about as long as F6+F7; all funicle segments with extremely short pilosity and short linear sensilla arranged in irregular transverse rows, 3 rows on F1 to F5, 2 on F6 and F7.Mesosoma 1.4x as long as broad, mesoscutum with quite strong reticulate sculpture, more shiny than head but less shiny than scutellum, the latter with only weakly raised reticulation.Fore wing fully developed, lengths of costal cell: marginal vein: stigmal vein: postmarginal vein as 120:63:28:36.Propodeum half as long as scutellum, median area almost smooth, median carina complete but weak.
Gaster ovate, 0.9x as long as mesosoma, 1.6x as long as broad, tergites with quite strong sculpturation and comparatively conspicuous white setae.
The male of A. oscari will run to couplet 17 in the key to species of Anastatus from Spain and the Canary Islands in Askew & Nieves-Aldrey ( 2004), but it is distinguishable from the three species therein by having a dark, relatively elongated scape that is over three times as long as broad.The metatibia is virtually entirely dark as in A. bernardi.Ferrière, 1968 † 2♂♂, 2♀♀ Huesca (Fraga) 31T BF58, ex Ferula communis stems, collected 15.iii.2010,emerged 2010, AR (BMNH).

Anastatus uromeni
Our identification of this species is based upon the description (Ferrière, 1968) of the original material of five females reared from eggs of Uromenus brevicollis insularis Chopard (Ephippigeridae) in stems of Asphodelus ramosus from Sardinia (Italy).The male (described below) was unknown to Ferrière.There is good general agreement between the two Spanish females and the original description, the only discrepancies being that the Spanish specimens have rather less greenish colouration on predominantly black bodies with violet tints, relatively shorter ovipositor sheath about 0.6x length of gaster and not quite 0.8x length of metatibia (respectively 0.75x and 1.0x in the description), and the reduced fore wing reaches to about the apex of the fourth gastral tergite, well beyond the middle of the gaster.Differences between the Spanish specimens and the original description of A. uromeni are considered insufficient to support the belief that two species are involved.It is probable that the host of the Spanish specimens in stems of F. communis (Apiaceae, Giant Fennel) was an orthopteran.MALE.Body green, head bluish green with a few violet tints in the ocellar region; gaster with base and apex green but dorsal surface otherwise coppery.Antenna with scape yellow, dorso-apically metallic green.Palps yellow.Legs with femora metallic green except for yellow trochanters and about apical one-quarters of proand mesofemora; protibia yellow with brown streak on flexor surface, mesotibia with brown subapical mark covering one-third of dorsal surface, metatibia dark brown with only basal one-third and apex (narrowly) yellow.Wings clear, venation brown.Length 2.3mm.
Head in dorsal view 1.7x as broad as long, POL 2.6x OOL, OOL 1.7x ocellar diameter.Head in front view rounded, 1.15x as broad as high, minimum eye separation 0.5x head breadth, antennal toruli slightly above level of lower margin of eye, face below toruli with relatively short and fine downwardly-directed whitish setae.Antenna with scape expanded apically, excluding radical about 2.1x as long as broad; anellus transverse; F1 with ventral surface concave, 2.7x as long as broad and about 1.5x as broad as pedicel; F2 as broad as F1 and 2.3x as long as broad, the following funicle segments scarcely narrower than F1 but progressively shortening; F7 about 1.5x as long as broad; clava slightly longer than F6+F7 (14:12) with a flat ventral surface; all funicle segments with very short linear sensilla arranged in 5 or 6 irregular transverse rows on F1 to F5, thereafter in 3 or 4 rows, and with extremely short pilosity.
Mesosoma 1.5x as long as broad, mesonotum moderately shiny with irregular raised sculpture, only slightly weaker on scutellum than on mesoscutum, notauli rather deep.Fore wing fully developed, lengths costal cell: marginal vein: stigmal vein: postmarginal vein as 33:17:8:12; stigma quite large, triangular, separated from postmarginal vein by its apical depth.Propodeum medially about half length of scutellum, median area shiny with weak sculpture which is strongest adjacent to the complete median carina.
Gaster ovate, about as long as mesosoma, dorsally with slightly raised reticulate sculpture, rather dull with dark setae.
The male of A. uromeri runs in the key in Askew & Nieves-Aldrey ( 2004) as far as couplet 16 (although the scutellar base occupies rather more than onethird of the distance between the posterior ends of the notauli).The dark band on the metatibia extends over more than half the length of the tibia as in A. catalonicus, but the head is slightly less than 1.7x as long as A. giraudi.The mesotibial dark band is longer and darker in A. uromeni than in A. giraudi.

Eupelmus (Episolindelia) juniperinus Bolívar y Pieltain, 1934
The date of publication of E. juniperinus is 1934, not 1933 as misquoted in Askew & Nieves-Aldrey (2000).In this paper it was noted as being associated with Juniperus oxycedrus (as the typical subspecies) and with J. thurifera (as subspecies thuriferae Askew).In an unpublished document dated 2008, Antoni Ribes records rearing both sexes of E. juniperinus from galls of 'Oligotrophus sp.' (probably Etsuhoa (Cecidomyiidae)) on J. phoenicea (Lleida, San Llorenç de Montgai, 2007).A female from this sample in RRA's collection has a relatively short ovipositor sheath, 0.33x as long as the metatibia, much as in subspecies thuriferae, but it differs in colouration from the latter in being considerably darker with yellowish markings on the mesosoma limited to the posterior margin of each mesoscutal ridge, metanotum and medial part of the propodeum.The side-lobe of the mesoscutum is without an isolated metallic green oval spot, present in thuriferae, and the metallic areas are dark green with coppery to violet tints medially, not bright green as in thuriferae.
Eupelmus atropurpureus has been identified from Portugal (Gibson & Fusu, 2016).Ratzeburg, 1844† Eupelmus spongipartus Förster, 1860 Prior to the recognition of additional species in the 'E.urozonus complex' (Al khatib et al., 2015), specimens with a relatively long ovipositor sheath (about as long as the marginal vein) were identified as E. annulatus and those with a shorter sheath as E. urozonus.Eupelmus azureus, however, has a long sheath like E. annulatus; the two species are readily separable on the sculpturation of the scrobal depression which is mainly smooth and shiny in E. azureus but largely reticulate in E. annulatus (Al khatib et al., 2015;Gibson & Fusu, 2016).Eupelmus annulatus has a broad range of hosts but E. azureus is most frequently reared from galls of Cynipidae on Quercus.In Spain E. azureus has been found as a parasitoid in galls of Andricus coriarius (Hartig) asex.gen.(Madrid, El Escorial on Q. pyrenaica, 1983, JLNA;Salamanca, Villanueva del

? Eupelmus (Eupelmus) phragmitis Erdös, 1955 †
A male, identified as E. phragmitis by G. Gibson and now in BMNH, was reared by A. Ribes 10.vii.2011 from a stem of Heteropogon contortus collected i.2011 in Tarragona (La Selva del Camp).The identity of the specimen is queried because it is not mentioned by Gibson & Fusu (2016) who indicate a possibly exclusive association of E. phragmitis with Phragmites and do not report it from the Iberian Peninsula.Taylor, 1927Askew & Nieves-Aldrey (2000) recorded this species from Andorra under the name E. aloysii Russo (synonymy Gibson, 2011).No additional material has been located.
'Eupelmus (Macroneura) vesicularis (Retzius, 1783) aggregate' It is now recognized that an aggregate of species is confused under this name (Fusu, 2010(Fusu, , 2017) ) and at least two of these species are represented in the Spanish fauna.An account of the Iberian species that were hitherto cited as Eupelmus (Macroneura) vesicularis will be presented after the publication of Fusu's (2017) revision.
A parasitoid of endophytic insects, particularly of those in herbaceous plants, 'E.(M.) vesicularis agg.' was found in abundance in Lleida and Huesca by AR who reared specimens from galls of Lasioptera eryngii (Cecidomyiidae) on Eryngium campestre and Timaspis cichorii (Cynipidae) on Cichorium intybus, from stems of Brachypodium retusum and Stipes parviflora and from fruits of Astragalus stella and Medicago sativa.

Tineobius Ashmead
Tineobius tamaricis Ribes & Fusu, 2017 † A species recently described from Spanish material and belonging to a genus previously unknown from the Palaearctic region, T. tamaricis was reared by A. Ribes from galls of Parapodia sinaica (Frauenfeld) (Lep., Gelechiidae) collected from Tamarix canariensis.A total of seven females emerged from or were found dead inside galls collected at Torres de Segre, Pantá de Camelis, 31T BG80 and BF99 (Lleida) x.2007(Lleida) x. , ii.2010(Lleida) x. , i.2011(Lleida) x. , i.2012(Lleida) x. , x.2012(Lleida) x. , i.2013, emergences in the summer following gall collection, the only available exact dates being 22.viii.2011from gall collected 8.i.2011.Large numbers of galls were collected and T. tamaricis is clearly a rare parasitoid (in comparison, 186 specimens of a microgasterine Braconidae were reared from the samples).That T. tamaricis is a parasitoid of P. sinaica is suggested by the finding of a gelechiid larval head capsule in a gall beside an unemerged T. tamaricis (Fusu & Ribes, 2017), but secondary parasitism must be a possibility.